IMPACT OF MATERNAL SMOKING ON PREGNANCY OUTCOME
Main Article Content
Keywords
pregnancy, trimester, smoking, fetal
Abstract
Background: Studies have discovered that if a pregnant person is around tobacco smoke, it could be harmful to their baby. This could lead to a higher chance of the baby not surviving, a lower weight when born, and a greater possibility of being born too early. This research wants to discover how smoking during pregnancy can affect the baby's health and growth.
Methods: In 2023, researchers conducted a study in Iraq on 200 pregnant women who were near the end of their pregnancies. They were divided into two groups: Group I had women who smoke, and Group II had women who do not smoke. The research examined different information such as people's age, gender, and the results of their births. We used a program called IBM SPSS 25 to examine the information. Different ways of studying data were used for various kinds of patterns and how good the data was. The number we considered significant was less than 0. 05.
Results: There were clear differences between two groups in terms of how their babies were born, how far along they were in their pregnancies, and how much they weighed when they were born. Out of the women who smoked, 71% had cesarean sections, while in the group of women who didn't smoke, only 44% had cesarean sections. Only 6% of women who smoke had endometritis, while there wasn't a big difference in chorioamnionitis between the two groups. Preeclampsia happened more often in the group of people who smoke, with 59% of them getting it compared to only 10% of people who don't smoke. The analysis of data shows that there is a big difference between the groups being compared, and this difference is very unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Conclusion: New studies found that pregnant women who smoke may have smaller and earlier babies. We need to do more research to know how smoking affects pregnancy. It's also important to find ways to help people quit smoking before they become pregnant, and to create environments where pregnant women don't breathe in smoke.
Methods: In 2023, researchers conducted a study in Iraq on 200 pregnant women who were near the end of their pregnancies. They were divided into two groups: Group I had women who smoke, and Group II had women who do not smoke. The research examined different information such as people's age, gender, and the results of their births. We used a program called IBM SPSS 25 to examine the information. Different ways of studying data were used for various kinds of patterns and how good the data was. The number we considered significant was less than 0. 05.
Results: There were clear differences between two groups in terms of how their babies were born, how far along they were in their pregnancies, and how much they weighed when they were born. Out of the women who smoked, 71% had cesarean sections, while in the group of women who didn't smoke, only 44% had cesarean sections. Only 6% of women who smoke had endometritis, while there wasn't a big difference in chorioamnionitis between the two groups. Preeclampsia happened more often in the group of people who smoke, with 59% of them getting it compared to only 10% of people who don't smoke. The analysis of data shows that there is a big difference between the groups being compared, and this difference is very unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Conclusion: New studies found that pregnant women who smoke may have smaller and earlier babies. We need to do more research to know how smoking affects pregnancy. It's also important to find ways to help people quit smoking before they become pregnant, and to create environments where pregnant women don't breathe in smoke.
References
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14. He H, Pan Z, Wu J, Hu C, Bai L, Lyu J. Health Effects of Tobacco at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: Results From the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Apr 28;24(6):864-870. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntab265. PMID: 34928373.
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16. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129:735–44
17. Lawder R, Whyte B, Wood R, Fischbacher C, Tappin DM. Impact of maternal smoking on early childhood health: a retrospective cohort linked dataset analysis of 697 003 children born in Scotland 1997-2009. BMJ Open. 2019 Mar 20;9(3):e023213. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023213. PMID: 30898797; PMCID: PMC6475204.
18. Li R, Lodge J, Flatley C, Kumar S. The burden of adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes from maternal smoking in an Australian cohort. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2019; 59(3): 356–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12849
19. Liu B, Xu G, Sun Y, et al. Maternal cigarette smoking before and during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: a dose-response analysis of 25 million mother-infant pairs. PLoS Medicine. 2020; 17(8): e1003158
20. Lisboa PC, de Oliveira E, de Moura EG. Obesity and endocrine dysfunction programmed by maternal smoking in pregnancy and lactation. Front Physiol. 2012;3:437
21. Bruin JE, Gerstein HC, Holloway AC. Long-term consequences of fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure: a critical review. Toxicol Sci. 2010;116:364–74
22. Schneider S, Huy C, Schütz J, Diehl K. Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic literature review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010;29:81–90.
23. Cudmore M, Ahmad S, Al-Ani B, Fujisawa T, Coxall H, Chudasama K, Devey LR, Wigmore SJ, Abbas A, Hewett PW, Ahmed A. Negative regulation of soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin release by heme oxygenase-1. Circulation. 2007;115:1789–1797.
24. Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Qian C, Lim KH, England LJ, Yu KF, Schisterman EF, Thadhani R, Sachs BP, Epstein FH, Sibai BM, Sukhatme VP, Karumanchi SA. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:672–683.
25. Levine RJ, Lam C, Qian C, Yu KF, Maynard SE, Sachs BP, Sibai BM, Epstein FH, Romero R, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:992–1005
26. Kelkay B, Omer A, Teferi Y, Moges Y. Factors associated with singleton preterm birth in Shire Suhul General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2018. Journal of Pregnancy. 2019; 4629101.
2. Ohmi H, Hirooka K, Mochizuki Y: Fetal growth and the timing of exposure to maternal smoking. Pediatr. Int. 2002;44(1), 55–59
3. Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Hedegaard M, Secher NJ.Smoking during pregnancy and preterm birth. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1996;103(8), 800–805
4. Lang JM, Lieberman E, Cohen A.A comparison of risk factors for preterm labor and term small-for-gestational-age birth. Epidemiology.1996; 7(4), 369–376
5. Andres RL, Day MC.Perinatal complications associated with maternal tobacco use. Semin. Neonatol.2000;5(3), 231–24
6. Cuk D, Mamula O, Frkovic A.The effect of maternal smoking on pregnancy outcome. Lijec Vjesn. 2000; 122(5–6), 103–110
7. Secker-Walker RH, Vacek PM.Relationships between cigarette smoking during pregnancy, gestational age, maternal weight gain, and infant birthweight. Addict. Behav.2003; 28(1), 55–66
8. Ventura SJ, Hamilton BE, Mathews TJ, Chandra A.Trends and variations in smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight: evidence from the birth certificate, 1990–2000. Pediatrics.2003; 111(5 Pt 2), 1176–1180
9. Ong KK, Preece MA, Emmett PM, Ahmed ML, Dunger DB.Size at birth and early childhood growth in relation to maternal smoking, parity and infant breastfeeding: longitudinal birth cohort study and analysis. Pediatr. Res.2002; 52(6), 863–867
10. Kataoka M.C, Carvalheira A.P.P, Ferrari A.P, et al. Smoking during pregnancy and harm reduction in birth weight: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth .2018;18, 67
11. Sequí-Canet JM, Sequí-Sabater JM, Marco-Sabater A, Corpas-Burgos F, Collar Del Castillo JI, Orta-Sibú N. Maternal factors associated with smoking during gestation and consequences in newborns: Results of an 18-year study. J Clin Transl Res. 2022 Jan 3;8(1):6-19. PMID: 35097236; PMCID: PMC8791242.
12. Claire R, Chamberlain C, Davey MA, Cooper SE, Berlin I, Leonardi-Bee J, Coleman T. Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 4;3(3):CD010078. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010078.pub3. PMID: 32129504; PMCID: PMC7059898.
13. Tarasi B, Cornuz J, Clair C, Baud D. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: a cross-sectional study over 10 years. BMC Public Health. 2022 Dec 21;22(1):2403. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14881-4. PMID: 36544092; PMCID: PMC9773571.
14. He H, Pan Z, Wu J, Hu C, Bai L, Lyu J. Health Effects of Tobacco at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: Results From the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Apr 28;24(6):864-870. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntab265. PMID: 34928373.
15. Cheraghi M, Salvi S. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and respiratory health in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:897–905.
16. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129:735–44
17. Lawder R, Whyte B, Wood R, Fischbacher C, Tappin DM. Impact of maternal smoking on early childhood health: a retrospective cohort linked dataset analysis of 697 003 children born in Scotland 1997-2009. BMJ Open. 2019 Mar 20;9(3):e023213. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023213. PMID: 30898797; PMCID: PMC6475204.
18. Li R, Lodge J, Flatley C, Kumar S. The burden of adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes from maternal smoking in an Australian cohort. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2019; 59(3): 356–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12849
19. Liu B, Xu G, Sun Y, et al. Maternal cigarette smoking before and during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: a dose-response analysis of 25 million mother-infant pairs. PLoS Medicine. 2020; 17(8): e1003158
20. Lisboa PC, de Oliveira E, de Moura EG. Obesity and endocrine dysfunction programmed by maternal smoking in pregnancy and lactation. Front Physiol. 2012;3:437
21. Bruin JE, Gerstein HC, Holloway AC. Long-term consequences of fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure: a critical review. Toxicol Sci. 2010;116:364–74
22. Schneider S, Huy C, Schütz J, Diehl K. Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic literature review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010;29:81–90.
23. Cudmore M, Ahmad S, Al-Ani B, Fujisawa T, Coxall H, Chudasama K, Devey LR, Wigmore SJ, Abbas A, Hewett PW, Ahmed A. Negative regulation of soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin release by heme oxygenase-1. Circulation. 2007;115:1789–1797.
24. Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Qian C, Lim KH, England LJ, Yu KF, Schisterman EF, Thadhani R, Sachs BP, Epstein FH, Sibai BM, Sukhatme VP, Karumanchi SA. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:672–683.
25. Levine RJ, Lam C, Qian C, Yu KF, Maynard SE, Sachs BP, Sibai BM, Epstein FH, Romero R, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:992–1005
26. Kelkay B, Omer A, Teferi Y, Moges Y. Factors associated with singleton preterm birth in Shire Suhul General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2018. Journal of Pregnancy. 2019; 4629101.
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Published
Oct 4, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Almaz Muwafq Hachim, Baydaa Yonus Ibrahim, & Layla Hazim Saeed. (2023). IMPACT OF MATERNAL SMOKING ON PREGNANCY OUTCOME. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3006
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Author Biographies
Almaz Muwafq Hachim
Senor Chief General Doctor, B.H.CH.B. Higher Diploma Family Medicine, Bab AL-Bayd PHD Almaz
Baydaa Yonus Ibrahim
Senor Chief General Doctor, B.H.CH.B. Higher Diploma Family Medicine, AL-Tamoz PHC
Layla Hazim Saeed
B.H.CH.B Higher Diploma Family Medicine, Senor Chief General Doctor, Hamdaniya Sector Bartella Health Center, Aalmstfy