EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE PROGRAM FOR 12 WEEKS ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IN MALE COLLEGE TEACHERS: CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, AND LIPID PROFILE
Main Article Content
Keywords
Aerobic Exercise, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Lipid Profile, College Teachers
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the Effects of the Aerobic Exercise program for 12 weeks on Cardiovascular Health in College Teachers, with a focus on changes in Blood Pressure, heart rate and Lipid Profile in Peshawar, Pakistan. The study recruited 22 volunteers by dividing into two groups, the control and intervention groups, with 11 participants each, with the age between 30 to 55 years. A paired sample t-test was applied to compare the pre and post-test interventions.
Results showed significant improvements in multiple health parameters among both groups, but the intervention group demonstrated more favourable outcomes. The aerobic exercise had a significant effect on cholesterol levels (210.82 mg/cc vs 188.64 mg/cc p<0.001), triglycerides (147.91 mg/cc vs 86.64 mg/cc p<0.001), LDL (121.45 mg/cc vs 92.91 mg/cc p<0.001), and HDL levels (42.55 vs 50.82 p<0.001) in the intervention group. In terms of blood pressure and heart rate, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in systolic (129 mmHg vs 108.64 mmHg p<0.001), diastolic (82.18 vs 74.09 p<0.001), and heart rate (89.73 vs 74.55 bpm p<0.001) while the control group increased. The control and intervention groups showed significant differences in all variables (p<0.001) when compared using independent-sample t-tests. These data demonstrated that the 12-week Aerobic Exercise Programme improves cardiovascular health in male college teachers.
References
1. Akyol, P., & İmamoğlu, O. (2019). The effects of a three months exercise on physical fitness, body composition and some blood parameters in sedentary middle-aged female. J. Educ. Training Studies, 7(11), 63-71.
2. Amalia, D. T., Widyahening, I. S., Nurali, I. A., Roestam, A. W., & Soemarko, D. S. (2022). Effect of a Wellness Programme on Aerobic Physical Exercise Adherence and Blood Lipid Profile Changes among Office Workers. Acta Medica Philippina, 56(19).
3. Amini, M., Zayeri, F., & Salehi, M. (2021). Trend analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality, incidence, and mortality-to-incidence ratio: results from global burden of disease study 2017. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-12.
4. Appiah, D., Luitel, S., Fuentes, N., & Nwabuo, C. C. (2022). Perceived neighbourhood social cohesion and the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in low-and middle-income countries: The World Health Organization Study on Global Aging and Adult Health. Health & Place, 77, 102895.
5. Baghaiee, B., Karimi, P., Ebrahimi, K., Zali, M. H. S., Moghaddam, A. M. D., & Sadaghian, M. (2018). Effects of a 12-week aerobic exercise on markers of hypertension in men. Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research, 10(3), 162.
6. Barros, J. P., de Paula, T., Mediano, M. F. F., Rangel, M. V. D. S., Monteiro, W., Cunha, F. A. D., ... & Borges, J. P. (2021). The Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure, Arterial Function, and Heart Rate Variability in Men Living With HIV. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 685306.
7. Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., ... & Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British journal of sports medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462.
8. Çetin, S., Ece, C., Şen, M., Çetin, H. N., & Aydoğan, A. (2019). The Effects of Pilates and Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure, Heart Rates, and Blood Serum Lipids in Sedentary Females. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(4), 229-235.
9. Daimo, M., Mandal, S., Mahmud, M., & Mathivanan, D. (2020). Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in men with hypertension: A randomized controlled study. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 6(1), 32-39.
10. Doewes, R. I., Gharibian, G., Zaman, B. A., & Akhavan-Sigari, R. (2023). An updated systematic review on the effects of aerobic exercise on human blood lipid profile. Current problems in cardiology, 48(5), 101108.
11. Doewes, R. I., Gharibian, G., Zaman, B. A., & Akhavan-Sigari, R. (2022). An updated systematic review on the effects of aerobic exercise on human blood lipid profile. Current problems in cardiology, 101108.
12. Duncan, M. S., Vasan, R. S., & Xanthakis, V. (2019). Trajectories of blood lipid concentrations over the adult life course and risk of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality: observations from the Framingham study over 35 years. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(11), e011433.
13. Franklin, B. A., Eijsvogels, T. M., Pandey, A., Quindry, J., & Toth, P. P. (2022). Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations. American Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 100425.
14. Gao, Y., Isakadze, N., Duffy, E., Sheng, Q., Ding, J., MacFarlane, Z. T., ... & Martin, S. S. (2022). Secular trends in risk profiles among adults with cardiovascular disease in the United States. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 80(2), 126-137.
15. Hong, S. J., Cho, H. S., & Lee, M. G. (2022). Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on post-exercise blood pressure and cardiovascular function in prehypertensive men in their 30s. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 33(2), 169-179.
16. Hong, S. J., Cho, H. S., & Lee, M. G. (2022). Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on post-exercise blood pressure and cardiovascular function in prehypertensive men in their 30s. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 33(2), 169-179.
17. Il-Kon, K. I. M., & So-Hyung, K. A. N. G. (2019). Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure response during exercise. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 48(9), 1738.
18. Il-Kon, K. I. M., & So-Hyung, K. A. N. G. (2019). Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure response during exercise. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 48(9), 1738.
19. Izquierdo, M., Merchant, R. A., Morley, J. E., Anker, S. D., Aprahamian, I., Arai, H., ... & Singh, M. F. (2021). International exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): expert consensus guidelines. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 25(7), 824-853.
20. Jackson, R., Tawade, S., Drab, Y., Baynard, T., Clifford, P., Piano, M., ... & Hwang, C. L. (2022). Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness after a Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Young Adult Binge Drinkers and Moderate Drinkers. The FASEB Journal, 36.
21. Joseph, P., Kutty, V. R., Mohan, V., Kumar, R., Mony, P., Vijayakumar, K., ... & Yusuf, S. (2022). Cardiovascular disease, mortality, and their associations with modifiable risk factors in a multi-national South Asia cohort: a PURE sub-study. European Heart Journal.
22. Kang, S. J., Kim, E. H., & Ko, K. J. (2016). Effects of aerobic exercise on the resting heart rate, physical fitness, and arterial stiffness of female patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(6), 1764-1768.
23. Khalid, A., Shahid, A., & Aitazaz, F. (2019). The Short Term Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Exercise in Young Adults. Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College-JSHMDC, 1(1), 13-18.
24. Kolahdouzi, S., Baghadam, M., Kani-Golzar, F. A., Saeidi, A., Jabbour, G., Ayadi, A., ... & Zouhal, H. (2019). Progressive circuit resistance training improves inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in obese men. Physiology & behaviour, 205, 15-21.
25. Lemes, I. R., Turi-Lynch, B. C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Linares, S. N., & Monteiro, H. L. (2018). Aerobic training reduces blood pressure and waist circumference and increases HDL-c in metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 12(8), 580-588.
26. Li, C., Lyu, S., & Zhang, J. (2022). Effects of aerobic exercise on the serum leptin level and heart rate variability in the obese girl children. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022.
27. Liu, J. (2020, March). Discussion on Physical Training for Badminton in Colleges and Universities Based on Fitness Purpose. In 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020) (pp. 831-834). Atlantis Press.
28. Mousavi, S. M., Heidarianpour, A., & Tavassoli, H. (2022). Aerobic Exercise Training Effects on Omentin-1, Insulin Resistance, and Lipid Profile Among Male Smokers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-6.
29. Nassef, Y., Lee, K. J., Nfor, O. N., Tantoh, D. M., Chou, M. C., & Liaw, Y. P. (2019). The impact of aerobic exercise and badminton on HDL cholesterol levels in adult Taiwanese. Nutrients, 11(3), 515.
30. Nystoriak, M. A., & Bhatnagar, A. (2018). Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 5, 135.
31. ÖZTÜRK, F., & BAVLI, Ö. (2017). Investigation of the effects of eight weeks of pilates and step-aerobic exercises on physical performance and self-esteem scores of females. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 5(2), 76-86.
32. Palatini, P., & Cornelissen, V. (2020). Impact of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors: Arterial hypertension. Textbook of Sports and Exercise Cardiology, 719-745.
33. Perdomo, S. J., Balzer, J. R., Jakicic, J. M., Kline, C. E., & Gibbs, B. B. (2019). Acute effects of aerobic exercise duration on blood pressure, pulse wave velocity and cerebral blood flow velocity in middle-aged adults. Sport Sciences for Health, 15, 647-658.
34. Perez-Quilis, C., Kingsley, J. D., Malkani, K., Cervellin, G., Lippi, G., & Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2017). Modulation of heart rate by acute or chronic aerobic exercise. Potential effects on blood pressure control. Current pharmaceutical design, 23(31), 4650-4657.
35. Polero, P., Rebollo-Seco, C., Adsuar, J. C., Pérez-Gómez, J., Rojo-Ramos, J., Manzano-Redondo, F., ... & Carlos-Vivas, J. (2021). Physical activity recommendations during COVID-19: narrative review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(1), 65.
36. Rippe, J. M. (2019). Lifestyle strategies for risk factor reduction, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 13(2), 204-212.
37. Ross, R., Chaput, J. P., Giangregorio, L. M., Janssen, I., Saunders, T. J., Kho, M. E., ... & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults aged 18–64 years and Adults aged 65 years or older: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 45(10), S57-S102.
38. Sanchis-Gomar, F., Lavie, C. J., Marín, J., Perez-Quilis, C., Eijsvogels, T. M., O’Keefe, J. H., ... & Blair, S. N. (2022). Exercise effects on cardiovascular disease: from basic aspects to clinical evidence. Cardiovascular Research, 118(10), 2253-2266.
39. Shaya, G. E., Leucker, T. M., Jones, S. R., Martin, S. S., & Toth, P. P. (2021). Coronary heart disease risk: low-density lipoprotein and beyond. Trends in cardiovascular medicine.
40. Shiotani, H., Umegaki, Y., Tanaka, M., Kimura, M., & Ando, H. (2009). Effects of aerobic exercise on the circadian rhythm of heart rate and blood pressure. Chronobiology International, 26(8), 1636-1646.
41. Stadler, J. T., Wadsack, C., & Marsche, G. (2021). Fetal High-Density Lipoproteins: Current Knowledge on Particle Metabolism, Composition and Function in Health and Disease. Biomedicines, 9(4), 349.
42. Tseng, E., Appel, L. J., Yeh, H. C., Pilla, S. J., Miller, E. R., Juraschek, S. P., & Maruthur, N. M. (2021). Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and sodium reduction on blood pressure in persons with diabetes. Hypertension, 77(2), 265-274.
43. Ul Ain, Q., Asif, N., Alam, A., Gilani, M., Shahzad, N., & Sheikh, W. (2019). Triglycerides-to-HDLC ratio as a marker of cardiac disease and vascular risk factors in adults. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 29(11), 1034-1037.
44. Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Cmaj, 174(6), 801-809.
45. Ward, W. E., Chilibeck, P. D., Comelli, E. M., Duncan, A. M., Phillips, S. M., Robinson, L. E., & Stellingwerff, T. (2019). Research in nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals for health, physical activity, and performance: moving forward. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 44(5), 455-460.
46. Wen, J., Huang, Y., Lu, Y., & Yuan, H. (2019). Associations of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and the total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio with arterial stiffness independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a Chinese population. Hypertension Research, 42(8), 1223-1230.
47. World Health Organization. (2004). Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health.
48. Yamada, M., Ikegami, N., Gam, H., Nishikawa, Y., Ishikawa, A., Funaki, A., ... & Sakamaki-Sunaga, M. (2022, September). Effects Of Acute Aerobic Exercise On The Lipid Profiles In Transgender Men. In Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (Vol. 54, No. 9, pp. 495-495). TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.
49. Yun, H., Su, W., Zhao, H., Li, H., Wang, Z., Cui, X., ... & Liu, C. (2023). Effects of different exercise modalities on lipid profile in the elderly population: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 102(29), e33854-e33854.
50. Zafiropoulos, B., Alison, J. A., & Heard, R. (2019). Physical activity levels of allied health professionals working in a large Australian metropolitan health district–an observational study. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 51-62.
2. Amalia, D. T., Widyahening, I. S., Nurali, I. A., Roestam, A. W., & Soemarko, D. S. (2022). Effect of a Wellness Programme on Aerobic Physical Exercise Adherence and Blood Lipid Profile Changes among Office Workers. Acta Medica Philippina, 56(19).
3. Amini, M., Zayeri, F., & Salehi, M. (2021). Trend analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality, incidence, and mortality-to-incidence ratio: results from global burden of disease study 2017. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-12.
4. Appiah, D., Luitel, S., Fuentes, N., & Nwabuo, C. C. (2022). Perceived neighbourhood social cohesion and the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in low-and middle-income countries: The World Health Organization Study on Global Aging and Adult Health. Health & Place, 77, 102895.
5. Baghaiee, B., Karimi, P., Ebrahimi, K., Zali, M. H. S., Moghaddam, A. M. D., & Sadaghian, M. (2018). Effects of a 12-week aerobic exercise on markers of hypertension in men. Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research, 10(3), 162.
6. Barros, J. P., de Paula, T., Mediano, M. F. F., Rangel, M. V. D. S., Monteiro, W., Cunha, F. A. D., ... & Borges, J. P. (2021). The Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure, Arterial Function, and Heart Rate Variability in Men Living With HIV. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 685306.
7. Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., ... & Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British journal of sports medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462.
8. Çetin, S., Ece, C., Şen, M., Çetin, H. N., & Aydoğan, A. (2019). The Effects of Pilates and Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure, Heart Rates, and Blood Serum Lipids in Sedentary Females. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(4), 229-235.
9. Daimo, M., Mandal, S., Mahmud, M., & Mathivanan, D. (2020). Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in men with hypertension: A randomized controlled study. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 6(1), 32-39.
10. Doewes, R. I., Gharibian, G., Zaman, B. A., & Akhavan-Sigari, R. (2023). An updated systematic review on the effects of aerobic exercise on human blood lipid profile. Current problems in cardiology, 48(5), 101108.
11. Doewes, R. I., Gharibian, G., Zaman, B. A., & Akhavan-Sigari, R. (2022). An updated systematic review on the effects of aerobic exercise on human blood lipid profile. Current problems in cardiology, 101108.
12. Duncan, M. S., Vasan, R. S., & Xanthakis, V. (2019). Trajectories of blood lipid concentrations over the adult life course and risk of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality: observations from the Framingham study over 35 years. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(11), e011433.
13. Franklin, B. A., Eijsvogels, T. M., Pandey, A., Quindry, J., & Toth, P. P. (2022). Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations. American Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 100425.
14. Gao, Y., Isakadze, N., Duffy, E., Sheng, Q., Ding, J., MacFarlane, Z. T., ... & Martin, S. S. (2022). Secular trends in risk profiles among adults with cardiovascular disease in the United States. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 80(2), 126-137.
15. Hong, S. J., Cho, H. S., & Lee, M. G. (2022). Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on post-exercise blood pressure and cardiovascular function in prehypertensive men in their 30s. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 33(2), 169-179.
16. Hong, S. J., Cho, H. S., & Lee, M. G. (2022). Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on post-exercise blood pressure and cardiovascular function in prehypertensive men in their 30s. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 33(2), 169-179.
17. Il-Kon, K. I. M., & So-Hyung, K. A. N. G. (2019). Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure response during exercise. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 48(9), 1738.
18. Il-Kon, K. I. M., & So-Hyung, K. A. N. G. (2019). Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure response during exercise. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 48(9), 1738.
19. Izquierdo, M., Merchant, R. A., Morley, J. E., Anker, S. D., Aprahamian, I., Arai, H., ... & Singh, M. F. (2021). International exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): expert consensus guidelines. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 25(7), 824-853.
20. Jackson, R., Tawade, S., Drab, Y., Baynard, T., Clifford, P., Piano, M., ... & Hwang, C. L. (2022). Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness after a Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Young Adult Binge Drinkers and Moderate Drinkers. The FASEB Journal, 36.
21. Joseph, P., Kutty, V. R., Mohan, V., Kumar, R., Mony, P., Vijayakumar, K., ... & Yusuf, S. (2022). Cardiovascular disease, mortality, and their associations with modifiable risk factors in a multi-national South Asia cohort: a PURE sub-study. European Heart Journal.
22. Kang, S. J., Kim, E. H., & Ko, K. J. (2016). Effects of aerobic exercise on the resting heart rate, physical fitness, and arterial stiffness of female patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(6), 1764-1768.
23. Khalid, A., Shahid, A., & Aitazaz, F. (2019). The Short Term Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Exercise in Young Adults. Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College-JSHMDC, 1(1), 13-18.
24. Kolahdouzi, S., Baghadam, M., Kani-Golzar, F. A., Saeidi, A., Jabbour, G., Ayadi, A., ... & Zouhal, H. (2019). Progressive circuit resistance training improves inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in obese men. Physiology & behaviour, 205, 15-21.
25. Lemes, I. R., Turi-Lynch, B. C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Linares, S. N., & Monteiro, H. L. (2018). Aerobic training reduces blood pressure and waist circumference and increases HDL-c in metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 12(8), 580-588.
26. Li, C., Lyu, S., & Zhang, J. (2022). Effects of aerobic exercise on the serum leptin level and heart rate variability in the obese girl children. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022.
27. Liu, J. (2020, March). Discussion on Physical Training for Badminton in Colleges and Universities Based on Fitness Purpose. In 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020) (pp. 831-834). Atlantis Press.
28. Mousavi, S. M., Heidarianpour, A., & Tavassoli, H. (2022). Aerobic Exercise Training Effects on Omentin-1, Insulin Resistance, and Lipid Profile Among Male Smokers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-6.
29. Nassef, Y., Lee, K. J., Nfor, O. N., Tantoh, D. M., Chou, M. C., & Liaw, Y. P. (2019). The impact of aerobic exercise and badminton on HDL cholesterol levels in adult Taiwanese. Nutrients, 11(3), 515.
30. Nystoriak, M. A., & Bhatnagar, A. (2018). Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 5, 135.
31. ÖZTÜRK, F., & BAVLI, Ö. (2017). Investigation of the effects of eight weeks of pilates and step-aerobic exercises on physical performance and self-esteem scores of females. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 5(2), 76-86.
32. Palatini, P., & Cornelissen, V. (2020). Impact of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors: Arterial hypertension. Textbook of Sports and Exercise Cardiology, 719-745.
33. Perdomo, S. J., Balzer, J. R., Jakicic, J. M., Kline, C. E., & Gibbs, B. B. (2019). Acute effects of aerobic exercise duration on blood pressure, pulse wave velocity and cerebral blood flow velocity in middle-aged adults. Sport Sciences for Health, 15, 647-658.
34. Perez-Quilis, C., Kingsley, J. D., Malkani, K., Cervellin, G., Lippi, G., & Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2017). Modulation of heart rate by acute or chronic aerobic exercise. Potential effects on blood pressure control. Current pharmaceutical design, 23(31), 4650-4657.
35. Polero, P., Rebollo-Seco, C., Adsuar, J. C., Pérez-Gómez, J., Rojo-Ramos, J., Manzano-Redondo, F., ... & Carlos-Vivas, J. (2021). Physical activity recommendations during COVID-19: narrative review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(1), 65.
36. Rippe, J. M. (2019). Lifestyle strategies for risk factor reduction, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 13(2), 204-212.
37. Ross, R., Chaput, J. P., Giangregorio, L. M., Janssen, I., Saunders, T. J., Kho, M. E., ... & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults aged 18–64 years and Adults aged 65 years or older: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 45(10), S57-S102.
38. Sanchis-Gomar, F., Lavie, C. J., Marín, J., Perez-Quilis, C., Eijsvogels, T. M., O’Keefe, J. H., ... & Blair, S. N. (2022). Exercise effects on cardiovascular disease: from basic aspects to clinical evidence. Cardiovascular Research, 118(10), 2253-2266.
39. Shaya, G. E., Leucker, T. M., Jones, S. R., Martin, S. S., & Toth, P. P. (2021). Coronary heart disease risk: low-density lipoprotein and beyond. Trends in cardiovascular medicine.
40. Shiotani, H., Umegaki, Y., Tanaka, M., Kimura, M., & Ando, H. (2009). Effects of aerobic exercise on the circadian rhythm of heart rate and blood pressure. Chronobiology International, 26(8), 1636-1646.
41. Stadler, J. T., Wadsack, C., & Marsche, G. (2021). Fetal High-Density Lipoproteins: Current Knowledge on Particle Metabolism, Composition and Function in Health and Disease. Biomedicines, 9(4), 349.
42. Tseng, E., Appel, L. J., Yeh, H. C., Pilla, S. J., Miller, E. R., Juraschek, S. P., & Maruthur, N. M. (2021). Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and sodium reduction on blood pressure in persons with diabetes. Hypertension, 77(2), 265-274.
43. Ul Ain, Q., Asif, N., Alam, A., Gilani, M., Shahzad, N., & Sheikh, W. (2019). Triglycerides-to-HDLC ratio as a marker of cardiac disease and vascular risk factors in adults. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 29(11), 1034-1037.
44. Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Cmaj, 174(6), 801-809.
45. Ward, W. E., Chilibeck, P. D., Comelli, E. M., Duncan, A. M., Phillips, S. M., Robinson, L. E., & Stellingwerff, T. (2019). Research in nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals for health, physical activity, and performance: moving forward. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 44(5), 455-460.
46. Wen, J., Huang, Y., Lu, Y., & Yuan, H. (2019). Associations of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and the total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio with arterial stiffness independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a Chinese population. Hypertension Research, 42(8), 1223-1230.
47. World Health Organization. (2004). Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health.
48. Yamada, M., Ikegami, N., Gam, H., Nishikawa, Y., Ishikawa, A., Funaki, A., ... & Sakamaki-Sunaga, M. (2022, September). Effects Of Acute Aerobic Exercise On The Lipid Profiles In Transgender Men. In Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (Vol. 54, No. 9, pp. 495-495). TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.
49. Yun, H., Su, W., Zhao, H., Li, H., Wang, Z., Cui, X., ... & Liu, C. (2023). Effects of different exercise modalities on lipid profile in the elderly population: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 102(29), e33854-e33854.
50. Zafiropoulos, B., Alison, J. A., & Heard, R. (2019). Physical activity levels of allied health professionals working in a large Australian metropolitan health district–an observational study. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 51-62.
Article Sidebar
Published
Sep 30, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Ghualm Mustafa, Sumbal Kaynat, Dr Wasim Khan, Haseenullah, Sadia Mehreen, Dr Syed Asif Abbas, & Sardar Nasir Sohail Khan. (2023). EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE PROGRAM FOR 12 WEEKS ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IN MALE COLLEGE TEACHERS: CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, AND LIPID PROFILE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 2331–2342. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.2974
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Ghualm Mustafa
Lecturer in H.P.E at Govt Degree College Wadpagga, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and PhD Scholar at Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Sumbal Kaynat
Lecturer at Department of Educational Sciences at NUML University Islamabad, Pakistan, and PhD Scholar at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing China
Dr Wasim Khan
Assistant Professor at Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Haseenullah
PhD Scholars at Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Sadia Mehreen
PhD Scholars at Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Dr Syed Asif Abbas
Assistant Professor at Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Sardar Nasir Sohail Khan
PhD Scholars at Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan