ROLE OF PROBIOTICS ON PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS HOW THEY MODULATE IMMUNE PATHWAY TO IMPROVE BRAIN FUNCTION :THE GUT –BRAIN AXIS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Depression, Gut flora, mental health, Cognitive function.
Abstract
Introduction:- The central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions basically its an bidirectional syatem. The interaction between microbiota and GBA appears to be bidirectional, namely through signaling from gut-microbiota to brain and from brain to gut-microbiota by means of neural, endocrine, immune, and humoral links. Studies showed that distension of the gut resulted in activation of key pathways within the brain and that such pathways are exaggerated in disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder with dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis
Material And Methods:-Patients attending OPD clinic in Psychiatry Department with. Depression ,e ither male or female of Age group -more than 10 years to 70 years of age. Around 100 such patients observed followed by Questionnaire based survey from January 2022 to April 2022.
Conclusion:- The deteriorating mental health has become a global health issue and has had a major impact on day to day life of the people. Gut flora is disturbed due to ill food habits of people. Understanding and addressing the mental health issues of patients and general public is important in terms of their efficiency and adaptability towards poor mental health and this is also noteworthy to identify role of probiotics towards promotion of positive mental health.
References
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3. Rinninella, E.; Raoul, P.; Cintoni, M.; Franceschi, F.; Miggiano, G.; Gasbarrini, A.; Mele, M.C. What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Chilicka, K.; Dzie´ ndziora-Urbi ´ nska, I.; Szyguła, R.; Asanova, B.; Nowicka, D. Microbiome and probiotics in acne vulgaris—A narrative review. Life 2022, 12, 422. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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6. Kho, Z.Y.; Lal, S.K. The Human Gut Microbiome—A potential controller of wellness and disease. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 1835[CrossRef]
7. Singh, R.; Zogg, H.; Wei, L.; Bartlett, A.; Ghoshal, U.C.; Rajender, S.; Ro, S. Gut microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal dysmotility and metabolic disorders. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2021, 27, 19–34. [CrossRef]
8. Dinan, T.G.; Cryan, J.F. Brain-gut-microbiota axis and mental health. Psychosom. Med. 2017, 79, 920–926. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11245 17 of 23
9. Latalova, K.; Hajda, M.; Prasko, J. Can gut microbes play a role in mental disorders and their treatment? Psychiatr. Danub. 2017,29, 28–30. [CrossRef]
10. Daniel, H. Diet and the gut microbiome: From hype to hypothesis. Br. J. Nutr. 2020, 124, 521–530. [CrossRef]
11. Vemuri, R.; Shankar, E.M.; Chieppa, M.; Eri, R.; Kavanagh, K. Beyond just bacteria: Functional biomes in the gut ecosystem including virome, mycobiome, archaeome and helminths. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 483. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Parker, A.; Lawson, M.A.E.; Vaux, L.; Pin, C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ. Microbiol. 2018, 20, 2337–2353. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Bures, J.; Cyrany, J.; Kohoutova, D.; Förstl, M.; Rejchrt, S.; Kvetina, J.; Vorisek, V.; Kopacova, M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16, 2978–2990. [CrossRef]
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15. Fond, G.; Boukouaci, W.; Chevalier, G.; Regnault, A.; Eberl, G.; Hamdani, N.; Dickerson, F.; Macgregor, A.; Boyer, L.;Dargel, A.; et al. The “psychomicrobiotic”: Targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. Pathol. Biol. 2015, 63, 35–42. [CrossRef]
16. Valdes, A.M.;Walter, J.; Segal, E.; Spector, T.D. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ 2018, 361, k2179. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Silva, Y.P.; Bernardi, A.; Frozza, R.L. The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication. Front. Endocrinol. 2020, 11, 25. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Pituch, A.;Walkowiak, J.; Banaszkiewicz, A. Butyric acid in functional constipation. Prz. Gastroenterol. 2013, 8, 295–298. [CrossRef][PubMed]
19. Claus, S.P.; Guillou, H.; Ellero-Simatos, S. Erratum: The gut microbiota: A major player in the toxicity of environmental pollutants? NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017, 3, 17001. [CrossRef]
20. Vancamelbeke, M.; Vermeire, S. The intestinal barrier: A fundamental role in health and disease. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2017, 11, 821–834. [CrossRef]
21. Lazar, V.; Ditu, L.-M.; Pircalabioru, G.G.; Gheorghe, I.; Curutiu, C.; Holban, A.M.; Picu, A.; Petcu, L.; Chifiriuc, M.C. Aspects of gut microbiota and immune system interactions in infectious diseases, immunopathology, and cancer. Front. Immunol. 2018,9, 1830. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Iebba, V.; Totino, V.; Gagliardi, A.; Santangelo, F.; Cacciotti, F.; Trancassini, M.; Mancini, C.; Cicerone, C.; Corazziari, E.Pantanella, F.; et al. Eubiosis and dysbiosis: The two sides of the microbiota. New Microbiol. 2016, 39, 1–12.
23. McGuinness, A.J.; Davis, J.A.; Dawson, S.L.; Loughman, A.; Collier, F.; O’Hely, M.; Simpson, C.A.; Green, J.; Marx, W.; Hair, C.; et al. A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2022, 27, 1920–1935. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Colombo, A.V.; Sadler, R.K.; Llovera, G.; Singh, V.; Roth, S.; Heindl, S.; Monasor, L.S.; Verhoeven, A.; Peters, F.; Parhizkar, S.; et al.Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids modulate microglia and promote A_ plaque deposition. eLife 2021, 10, e59826.[CrossRef]
25. Mirzaei, R.; Bouzari, B.; Hosseini-Fard, S.R.; Mazaheri, M.; Ahmadyousefi, Y.; Abdi, M.; Jalalifar, S.; Karimitabar, Z.; Teimoori, A.;Keyvani, H.; et al. Role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in nervous system disorders. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021,139, 111661. [CrossRef]
26. Mack, I.; Schwille-Kiuntke, J.; Mazurak, N.; Niesler, B.; Zimmermann, K.; Mönnikes, H.; Enck, P. A Nonviable probiotic in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022,20, 1039–1047.e9. [CrossRef]
27. Puricelli, C.; Rolla, R.; Gigliotti, L.; Boggio, E.; Beltrami, E.; Dianzani, U.; Keller, R. The gut-brain-immune axis in autism spectrum disorders: A state-of-art report. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 12, 755171. [CrossRef]
28. Cryan, J.; Dinan, T. Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012, 13, 701–712. [CrossRef]
29. Collins, S.; Surette, M.; Bercik, P. The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012, 10, 735–742. [CrossRef]
30. Mitrea, L.; Neme¸s, S.A.; Szabo, K.; Teleky, B.E.; Vodnar, D.C. Guts imbalance imbalances the brain: A review of gut microbiota association with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Front. Med. 2022, 9, 813204. [CrossRef]
31. Singh, R.; Stogios, N.; Smith, E.; Lee, J.; Maksyutynsk, K.; Au, E.;Wright, D.C.; de Palma, G.; Graff-Guerrero, A.; Gerretsen, P.; et al.Gut microbiome in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced metabolic alterations: A scoping review. Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol.2022, 12, 20451253221096525. [CrossRef]
32. Thursby, E.; Juge, N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem. J. 2017, 474, 1823–1836. [CrossRef]
33. Nagpal, R.; Mainali, R.; Ahmadi, S.;Wang, S.; Singh, R.; Kavanagh, K.; Kitzman, D.W.; Kushugulova, A.; Marotta, F.; Yadav, H.Gut microbiome and aging: Physiological and mechanistic insights. Nutr. Healthy Aging 2018, 4, 267–285. [CrossRef]
34. Stinson, L.F.; Boyce, M.C.; Payne, M.S.; Keelan, J.A. The not-so-sterile womb: Evidence that the human fetus is exposed to bacteria prior to birth. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 1124. [CrossRef] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11245 18 of 23
35. Walker, R.W.; Clemente, J.C.; Peter, I.; Loos, R. The prenatal gut microbiome: Are we colonized with bacteria in utero? Pediatr. Obes. 2017, 12 (Suppl. 1), 3–17. [CrossRef]
36. Borre, Y.E.; O’Keeffe, G.W.; Clarke, G.; Stanton, C.; Dinan, T.G.; Cryan, J.F. Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows:Implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol. Med. 2014, 20, 509–518. [CrossRef]
37. Collado, M.; Rautava, S.; Aakko, J.; Isolauri, E.; Salminen, S. Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 23129. [CrossRef]
38. Linehan, K.; Dempsey, E.M.; Ryan, C.A.; Ross, R.P.; Stanton, C. First encounters of the microbial kind: Perinatal factors direct infant gut microbiome establishment. Microbiome Res. Rep. 2022, 1, 10. [CrossRef]
39. Yao, Y.; Cai, X.; Ye, Y.;Wang, F.; Chen, F.; Zheng, C. The Role of Microbiota in infant health: From early life to adulthood. Front.Immunol. 2021, 12, 708472. [CrossRef]
40. Shaterian, N.; Abdi, F.; Ghavidel, N.; Alidost, F. Role of cesarean section in the development of neonatal gut microbiota:A systematic review. Open Med. 2021, 16, 624–639. [CrossRef]
41. Shao, Y.; Forster, S.C.; Tsaliki, E.; Vervier, K.; Strang, A.; Simpson, N.; Kumar, N.; Stares, M.D.; Rodger, A.; Brocklehurst, P.; et al.Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth. Nature 2019, 574, 117–121. [CrossRef]
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Published
Sep 5, 2023
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Dr. Rajesh Singh, Dr. Amrita Chauhan, Dr.Deepak Gawali, & Dr.Ashish Saraswat. (2023). ROLE OF PROBIOTICS ON PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS HOW THEY MODULATE IMMUNE PATHWAY TO IMPROVE BRAIN FUNCTION :THE GUT –BRAIN AXIS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 1093–1106. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.2696
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Author Biographies
Dr. Rajesh Singh
Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Datia (M.P.)
Dr. Amrita Chauhan
Assistant Profesor, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Datia (M.P.)
Dr.Deepak Gawali
Demonstrator, Department of Microbiology, M.G.M Medical College, Indore (M.P.)
Dr.Ashish Saraswat
Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, M.L.B. Medical College Jhansi,(U.P.)