ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN DISTRICT LEVEL HOSPITALS SETTINGS IN PUNJAB
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Abstract
The second most prevalent reason for prescribing antibiotics is urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are frequent bacterial infections that can occur in both outpatient and inpatient settings. (1) UTIs can be classified as either community- or hospital-acquired depending upon the site and time of occurrence of infection, affect both the upper and lower urinary tracts to level of severity. Before the age of twenty-five, UTI shas been shown to affect in about every third woman, necessitating antibiotic treatment. (2) As it knows, UTIs is characterized as a condition in which bacteria establish and multiply within the urinary tract that is most prevalent illness affecting all age groups (3). According to estimates, 150 million UTIs occur annually worldwide, with 35% of those being hospital-associated UTIs (4). Numerous studies have shown that women are more frequently afflicted than men; over 60% of women and 12% of men encounter symptomatic UTIs at least once during their lifetime, with 24–50% of them experiencing recurrent UTI occurrences (6,7). Based on clinical and epidemiological characteristics, UTIs can be categorized
References
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12. Phuengmaung P, Somparn P, Panpetch W, Singkham-In U, Wannigama DL, Chatsuwan T, et al. Coexistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Candida albicans enhances biofilm thickness through alginate related extracellular matrix but is attenuated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. (2020) 10:594336. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.5 94336
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14. Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269–84.
15. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103–2.
16. G.C.Schito, K.G. Naber, H. Botto, J. Palou, T. Mazzei, L. Gualco, A. Marchese, The ARESC study: an international survey on the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens involved in uncomplicated urinary tract infections, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34 (5) (2009) 407–413.
17. Najar MS, Saldanha CL, Banday KA. Approach to urinary tract infections. Indian [1] Journal of Nephrology. 2009;19(4):129.
18. Thattil SJ, Santhosh S. Prevalence of UTI in different age groups in a tertiary care [5] hospital and their antibiogram. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. 2018;5(1):03-06.
19. Al Haddad AM. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Al-Mukalla [6] district, Yemen. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2005;11(3):505-10.
20. Bonkat G, Pickard R, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, Cai T, Geerlings SE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. EAU. 2017.
21. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103–2.
22. Oteo J, Pérez-Vázquez M, Campos J. Extended-spectrum [beta] lactamase producing Escherichia coli: changing epidemiology and clinical impact. CurrOpin Infect Dis. 2010;23(4):320–6.
23. Begum NS, Shamsuzzaman SM. Emergence ofmultidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant community acquired uropathogens in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol. 2015;9(2):7 12. doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v9i2.31414
24. Odoki M, Aliero AA, Tibyangye J, et al. Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Factors among Patients Attending Hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Int J Microbiol. 2019;219:4246780. doi: 10.1155/2019/4246780
25. Johnson JR, Stamm WE. Urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111(11):906-917. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111 11-906
26. Biswas R, Rabbani R, Ahmed HS, Sarker MAS, Zafrin N, Rahman MM. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of urinary tract infection at a tertiary care hospital. Bangladesh Crit Care J. 2014;2(1): 21-24. doi: 10.3329/bccj. v2i1.19952
27. Prakash D, Saxena SR. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli in hospital acquired and community acquired patients related to urinary tract infection in India. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013;3(8):124-32. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3822
28. Akter T, Hossain MJ, Khan MS, et al. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern analysis of E. coli isolated from clinical samples of Bangladesh. Asian J Biomed and Pharma Sci. 2016;6(54):13-16. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/300169811
29. Padmini N, Ajilda AAK, Sivakumar N, Selvakumar G. Extended- spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: critical tools for antibiotic resistance pattern. J Basic Microbiol. 2017;57(6):460-470. doi:10.1002/jobm.201700008 Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28397262.
30. Leski TA, Taitt CR, Bangura U, et al. High prevalence of multidrug- resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from outpatient urine sam- ples but not the hospital environment in Bo, Sierra Leone. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:167. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1495-1 PMID: 27090787; PMCID: PMC4836052
31. Bader MS, Loeb M, Leto D, Brooks AA. Treatment of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance and new antimicro-bial agents. Postgrad Med. 2020;132(3):234-250.
32. Iqbal Z, Mumtaz MZ, Malik A. Extensive drug-resistance in strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from paedi- atric urinary tractinfections. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2021;16(4):565- 574. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.03.004 PMID: 34408614; PMCID: PMC 8348552
2. Thattil SJ, Santhosh S. Prevalence of UTI in different age groups in a tertiary care [5] hospital and their antibiogram. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. 2018;5(1):03-06.
3. Najar MS, Saldanha CL, Banday KA. Approach to urinary tract infections. Indian [1] Journal of Nephrology. 2009;19(4):129.
4. Hassan SA, Jamal SA, Kamal M. Occurrence of multidrug resistant and ESBL [2] producing E. coli causing urinary tract infections. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2011;7(1):39-43.
5. 5 B. Foxman, Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs, Dis. Mon. 49 (2) (2003) 53–70.
6. Hojati Z, Zamanzad B, Hashemzadeh M, Molaie R, Gholipour A. The FimH gene [3] in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 2015;8(2):e17520.
7. Forsyth VS, Armbruster CE, Smith SN, Pirani A, Springman AC, Walters MS, et [4] al. Rapid growth of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during human urinary tract infection. MBio. 2018;9(2):e00186-18..
8. Clinical Management of an Increasing Threat: Outpatient Urinary Tract Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogens Emily Walker,1 Alessandra Lyman,1 Kalpana Gupta,2,3 Monica V. Mahoney,4 Graham M. Snyder,5 and Elizabeth B. Hirsch1,4
9. Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, economic costs. Am J Med. (2002) 113:5 13. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01054-9
10. Wagenlehner FM, Lichtenstern C, Rolfes C, Mayer K, Uhle F, Weidner W, et al. Diagnosis and management for urosepsis. Int J Urol. (2013) 20:963 70. doi: 10.1111/iju.12200
11. Wannigama DL, Hurst C, Pearson L, Saethang T, Singkham-In U, Luk-In S, et al. Simple fluorometric-based assay of antibiotic effectiveness for Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms. Sci Rep. (2019) 9:6300. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42353-0
12. Phuengmaung P, Somparn P, Panpetch W, Singkham-In U, Wannigama DL, Chatsuwan T, et al. Coexistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Candida albicans enhances biofilm thickness through alginate related extracellular matrix but is attenuated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. (2020) 10:594336. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.5 94336
13. Wannigama DL ,Hurst C, Hongsing P, Pearson L, Saethang T, Chantaravisoot N, et al. A rapid and simple method for routine determination of antibiotic sensitivity to biofilm populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. (2020) 19:8. doi: 10.1186/s12941-020-0 0350-6
14. Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269–84.
15. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103–2.
16. G.C.Schito, K.G. Naber, H. Botto, J. Palou, T. Mazzei, L. Gualco, A. Marchese, The ARESC study: an international survey on the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens involved in uncomplicated urinary tract infections, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34 (5) (2009) 407–413.
17. Najar MS, Saldanha CL, Banday KA. Approach to urinary tract infections. Indian [1] Journal of Nephrology. 2009;19(4):129.
18. Thattil SJ, Santhosh S. Prevalence of UTI in different age groups in a tertiary care [5] hospital and their antibiogram. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. 2018;5(1):03-06.
19. Al Haddad AM. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Al-Mukalla [6] district, Yemen. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2005;11(3):505-10.
20. Bonkat G, Pickard R, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, Cai T, Geerlings SE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. EAU. 2017.
21. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103–2.
22. Oteo J, Pérez-Vázquez M, Campos J. Extended-spectrum [beta] lactamase producing Escherichia coli: changing epidemiology and clinical impact. CurrOpin Infect Dis. 2010;23(4):320–6.
23. Begum NS, Shamsuzzaman SM. Emergence ofmultidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant community acquired uropathogens in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol. 2015;9(2):7 12. doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v9i2.31414
24. Odoki M, Aliero AA, Tibyangye J, et al. Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Factors among Patients Attending Hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Int J Microbiol. 2019;219:4246780. doi: 10.1155/2019/4246780
25. Johnson JR, Stamm WE. Urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111(11):906-917. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111 11-906
26. Biswas R, Rabbani R, Ahmed HS, Sarker MAS, Zafrin N, Rahman MM. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of urinary tract infection at a tertiary care hospital. Bangladesh Crit Care J. 2014;2(1): 21-24. doi: 10.3329/bccj. v2i1.19952
27. Prakash D, Saxena SR. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli in hospital acquired and community acquired patients related to urinary tract infection in India. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013;3(8):124-32. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3822
28. Akter T, Hossain MJ, Khan MS, et al. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern analysis of E. coli isolated from clinical samples of Bangladesh. Asian J Biomed and Pharma Sci. 2016;6(54):13-16. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/300169811
29. Padmini N, Ajilda AAK, Sivakumar N, Selvakumar G. Extended- spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: critical tools for antibiotic resistance pattern. J Basic Microbiol. 2017;57(6):460-470. doi:10.1002/jobm.201700008 Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28397262.
30. Leski TA, Taitt CR, Bangura U, et al. High prevalence of multidrug- resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from outpatient urine sam- ples but not the hospital environment in Bo, Sierra Leone. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:167. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1495-1 PMID: 27090787; PMCID: PMC4836052
31. Bader MS, Loeb M, Leto D, Brooks AA. Treatment of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance and new antimicro-bial agents. Postgrad Med. 2020;132(3):234-250.
32. Iqbal Z, Mumtaz MZ, Malik A. Extensive drug-resistance in strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from paedi- atric urinary tractinfections. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2021;16(4):565- 574. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.03.004 PMID: 34408614; PMCID: PMC 8348552
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Dec 5, 2022
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Shilpa Sharma, Naresh Kumar, Saurabh Gupta, Puja Gupta, & Sandeep Singh kalra. (2022). ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN DISTRICT LEVEL HOSPITALS SETTINGS IN PUNJAB. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 483–490. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.2688
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Author Biographies
Shilpa Sharma
Ph.D Scholar, School of Biosciences, RIMT University, Punjab
Naresh Kumar
Assistant Professor, School of Biosciences, RIMT University, Punjab
Saurabh Gupta
Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Mata Gujri college Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab
Puja Gupta
Assistant Professor, School of Biosciences, RIMT University, Punjab
Sandeep Singh kalra
Ph.D Scholar, School of Biosciences, RIMT University, Punjab