Molecular detection of some virulence genes in Salmonella typhi isolated from patients in Al-Diwaniyah city- Iraq
Main Article Content
Keywords
Salmonella typhi, Virulence factor, ViaB, InvA, Flic-d
Abstract
Salmonella typhi is an enteric serotype belonging, the Enterobacteriacaea family, as they inhabit the lymphatic tissues of the small intestine, liver, spleen, and the bloodstream of the infected human. The samples were collected distributed between ages (1-≤ 50) years and for different samples (stool, urine, blood) and for both sexes .Pathogenicity markers were also detected by Vitek test and 16 SrRNA using PCR technology. The results of isolation during the study period 14/8/2022 to 14/12/2022 showed that 51 samples out of 120 isolates were positive with the ratio of 27% that belonged to S. typhi and 16% belonged to other bacterial species . The molecular detection of some virulence genes (ViaB, InvA, Flic-d) was carried out for 32 S. typhi isolates using PCR technique. It was found that the DNA of all isolates contained these genes with 100%. The results of some isolated S. typhi strains showed the presence of genetic mutations of the non-conservative type in the amino acids of the InvA gene in the bacterial strain OQ6968441.1, where the amino acid Arginine R replaced the L-Lucene. For the Flic-d gene of the bacterial strain OQ703101.1, three non-conservative genetic mutations were found within this bacterial strain for each of the amino acid Aspartate D at one site and the amino acid Threonine T at two sites. For the T sites, they were replaced by the amino acid Asparagine N and Proline P, respectively.
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2. Ali, M. K.(2020). Immunogen Preparation of Salmonella typhi virulence Factors Isolated from Typhoid fever Patients. A thesis Submitted to Council of college of Science University of Babylon In Partial Fulfiment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Sciences in Biology.
3. Ambati, S., Nath, G., & Das, B. (2007). Diagnosis of typhoid fever by polymerase chain reaction. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 74, 909-913.
4. Angham, J. (2015). Identification of Salmonella typhi Isolated from Patient's with Typhoid Fever Immunomolecular Study University of Kufa].
5. Ayub, U., Khattak, A. A., Saleem, A., Javed, F., Siddiqui, N., Hussain, N., & Hayat, A. (2015). Incidence of typhoid fever in Islamabad, Pakistan. Am-Eurasian J Toxicol Sci, 7(4), 220-223.
6. Azimi, T., Zamirnasta, M., Sani, M. A., Soltan Dallal, M. M., & Nasser, A. (2020). Molecular mechanisms of Salmonella effector proteins: a
comprehensive review. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11-26.
7. Black J. G. (1999). Microbiology Principle and Exploration. 4th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. : 641.
8. Chia-Ling Lin, Cheng-Hsun Chiu1, Chishih Chu , Yhu-Chering Huang, Tzou-Yien Lin, Jonathan T. Ou(2007).Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for rapid identification of Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella species, including Salmonella typhiJ Microbiol Immunol Infect;40:222-226.
9. Clarridge III, J. E. (2004). Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clinical microbiology reviews, 17(4), 840-862.
10. Clouthier, S. C., Müller, K., Doran, J., Collinson, S., & Kay, W. (1993). Characterization of three fimbrial genes, sefABC, of Salmonella enteritidis. Journal of Bacteriology, 175(9), 2523-2533.
11. Crump, J. A., Luby, S. P., & Mintz, E. D. (2004). The global burden of typhoid fever. Bulletin of the world health organization, 82(5), 346-353.
12. Das, A., Hari, S. S., Shalini, U., Ganeshkumar, A., & Karthikeyan, M. (2012). Molecular characterisation of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolated from typhoidial humans. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 148-155.
13. De Jong, H. K., Parry, C. M., van der Poll, T., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2012). Host–pathogen interaction in invasive salmonellosis.
14. Gal-Mor, O., Boyle, E. C., & Grassl, G. A. (2014). Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ. Frontiers in microbiology, 5, 391.
15. Goujon, M., McWilliam, H., Li, W., Valentin, F., Squizzato, S., Paern, J., & Lopez, R. (2010). A new bioinformatics analysis tools framework at EMBL–EBI. Nucleic acids research, 38(suppl_2), W695-W699.
16. Grassl, G. A., & Finlay, B. B. (2008). Pathogenesis of enteric Salmonella infections. Current opinion in gastroenterology, 24(1), 22-26.
17. Hart, P. J., O’Shaughnessy, C. M., Siggins, M. K., Bobat, S., Kingsley, R. A., Goulding, D. A., Crump, J. A., Reyburn, H., Micoli, F., & Dougan, G. (2016). Differential killing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi by antibodies targeting Vi and lipopolysaccharide O: 9 antigen. PLoS One, 11(1), e0145945.
18. Hirose, K., Itoh, K.-I., Nakajima, H., Kurazono, T., Yamaguchi, M., Moriya, K., Ezaki, T., Kawamura, Y., Tamura, K., & Watanabe, H. (2002). Selective amplification of tyv (rfbE), prt (rfbS), viaB, and fliC genes by multiplex PCR for identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40(2), 633-636.
19. Khan, S., Harish, B., Menezes, G., Acharya, N., & Parija, S. (2012). Early diagnosis of typhoid fever by nested PCR for flagellin gene of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. The Indian journal of medical research, 136(5), 850.
20. Kumar, Y., & Valdivia, R. H. (2009). Leading a sheltered life: intracellular pathogens and maintenance of vacuolar compartments. Cell host & microbe, 5(6), 593-601.
21. Kumar, A., Balachandran, Y., Gupta, S., & Khare, S. (2010). Quick PCR based diagnosis of typhoid using specific genetic markers. Biotechnology letters, 32, 707-712.
22. Levy, H., Diallo, S., Tennant, S. M., Livio, S., Sow, S. O., Tapia, M., Fields, P. I., Mikoleit, M., Tamboura, B., & Kotloff, K. L. (2008). PCR method to identify Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B among Salmonella isolates from the blood of patients with clinical enteric fever. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(5), 1861-1866.
23. Lin, C. L., Chiu, C. H., Chu, C., Huang, Y. C., Lin, T. Y., & Ou, J. T. (2007). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for rapid identification of Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella species, including Salmonella Typhi. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection= Wei Mian yu gan ran za zhi, 40(3), 222-226.
24. Liqaa, S. Z.(2022). Molecular Characterization and Plasmid Curing for Salmonella typhi Isolated from Typhoid Fever Patients. A Thesis Submitted to The Council of the Faculty of Science \ University of Kufa In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree in Biology-Microbiology.
25. Najib, M. A., Mustaffa, K. M. F., Ong, E. B. B., Selvam, K., Khalid, M. F., Awang, M. S., Zambry, N. S., Manaf, A. A., Bustami, Y., & Hamzah, H. H. (2021). Performance of immunodiagnostic tests for typhoid fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens, 10(9), 1184.
26. Olana, M. (2018). Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of sallmonella Species along Beef supply chain in Bishoftu Town. Aau.Edu.Et.
27. Prakash, P., Mishra, O. P., Singh, A. K., Gulati, A. K., & Nath, G. (2005). Evaluation of nested PCR in diagnosis of typhoid fever. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(1), 431-432.
28. Ranjbar, N., Mehrali, M., Alengaram, U. J., Metselaar, H. S. C., & Jumaat, M. Z. (2014). Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar under elevated temperatures. Construction and building materials, 65, 114-121.
29. Su, L., & Chiu, C. (2007). Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature. Chang Gung medical journal, 30(3), 210.
30. Suez, J., Porwollik, S., Dagan, A., Marzel, A., Schorr, Y. I., Desai, P. T., Agmon, V., McClelland, M., Rahav, G., & Gal-Mor, O. (2013). Virulence gene profiling and pathogenicity characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella accounted for invasive disease in humans. PLoS One, 8(3), e58449.
31. Thao, D. M.; Roger, M.; Susan, V.; Carl, W.(2008). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology, Wolters Kluwer, Second Edition.
32. Virlogeux, I., Waxin, H., Ecobichon, C., & Popoff, M. Y. (1995). Role of the viaB locus in synthesis, transport and expression of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen. Microbiology, 141(12), 3039-3047.
33. Wain, J., House, D., Zafar, A., Baker, S., Nair, S., Kidgell, C., Bhutta, Z., Dougan, G., & Hasan, R. (2005). Vi antigen expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clinical isolates from Pakistan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(3), 1158-1165.
34. Woo, P. C., Lau, S. K., Teng, J. L., Tse, H., & Yuen, K.-Y. (2008). Then and now: use of 16S rDNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification and discovery of novel bacteria in clinical microbiology laboratories. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 14(10), 908-934.
35. World Health Organization. 6th International Conference on Typhoid Fever and other salmonelloses.( 2006). Geneva, WHO. Ref Type: Pamphlet.
36. Yadav, K.; Jassal, M. and Agrawal, A. K. (2020). Typhoid fever: Pathogenesis and disea. International Journal of Energy Research, 44(2).
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Published
Mar 26, 2023
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How to Cite
Mundher L. Radhi, & Hadaf M. Kadhim. (2023). Molecular detection of some virulence genes in Salmonella typhi isolated from patients in Al-Diwaniyah city- Iraq. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(4), 593–603. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.04.060
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