Endodontic Treatment During the Evolving Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and Its Impact: A Narrative Review
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, dental, Endodontic treatment, novel coronavirus disease
Abstract
The Effect of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in large number of cases and also hundreds of thousands of deaths. In spite of all efforts to control the spread of the disease, however the number of infections and deaths still rise, especially in some regions of certain countries. Till current moment,there is no medicine companies have shown up with the proper treatment or protection which can protect dentist from exposing with the virus. In this pandemic situation, the general practiitoner and the endodontist should provide only emergency treatments in order to relieve discomfort and dental pain. Thus, it is mandatory to comply the infection control guidelines and patient management steps to produce optimum dental therapy and also prevent nosocomial infection in daily practice. This review provides an insight into the steps taken for infection control and prevention from COVID-19 transmission in endodontic practices, knowledge about the possible route of transmission, pharmacological treatments of dental pain, applying standardized infection control measures, conservative access cavity preparation for RCT, biomechanical precautions, and procedures that should be followed during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic.
References
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2. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice.Int J Oral Sci 2020 Mar 3;12:9.
3. Meng, L.; Hua, F.; Bian, Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. J. Dent. Res. 2020.
4. Ather, A.; Patel, B.; Ruparel, NB.; Diogenes, A.; Hargreaves, KM. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care. J. Endod. 2020.;46(5) : 584-595.
5. The Lancet (2020) Emerging understandings of COVID-19. Lancet. 395(10221):311.
6. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. (2019) China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China. N Engl JMed:2020.
7. American Association of Endodontics. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care. Retrieved from https://www.aae.org/specialty/ clinical-resources/coronavirus-disease-19-covid-19-implications-for-clinical-dental-care/.
8. Odeh ND, Babkair H, Abu‐Hammad S, Borzangy S, Abu‐Hammad A, and Abu‐Hammad O. COVID‐19: Present and Future Challenges for Dental Practice Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3151.
9. Zu, ZY.; Jiang, MD.; Xu, PP.; Chen,W.; Ni, Q.Q.; Lu, G.M.; Zhang, LJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China. Radiology 2020, 200490.
10. Backer, JA.; Klinkenberg, D.;Wallinga, J. Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellersfromWuhan, China, 20–28 January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020, 25.
11. Zhou P, Yang X. L, Wang X. G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020 Feb 3;1–4.
12. Spagnuolo G, De Vito D, Rengo S and Tatullo M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview on Dentistry. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2094.
13. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Ahmed N, Adnan S, Aftab M, Zafar MS and Khurshid Z. Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists toCombat COVID-19 Outbreak. Int. J.Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2821.
14. Chen, Y.; Liu, Q.; Guo, D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 92, 418–423.
15. Dennis D. Dental Treatment and Oral Health Professional in the Midst of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic Outbreak. Int J Clin Dent 2020; 13(3): 243-254
16. Van Doremalen, N.; Bushmaker, T.; Morris, D.; Holbrook, M.; Gamble, A.; Williamson, B.; Tamin, A.; Harcourt, J.; Thornburg, N.; Gerber, S.; et al. Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1. N. Engl. JMed. 2020.
17. Li, R.; Pei, S.; Chen, B.; Song, Y.; Zhang, T.; Yang, W.; Shaman, J. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science 2020.
18. Chen, J. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV—A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses. Microbes Infect. 2020, 22, 69–71.
19. Dar‐Odeh, Najla, SMAA. Variations of some salivary antimicrobial factors in different disease states: A review. Saudi Dent. J. 2002, 14, 99–104.
20. Guo, H.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Tan, J. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the utilization of emergency dental services. J. Dent. Sci. 2020.
21. Gralinski, LE.; Menachery, VD. Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses 2020, 12, 135.
22. Corman, VM.; Landt, O.; Kaiser, M.; Molenkamp, R.; Meijer, A.; Chu, DK.; Bleicker, T.; Brünink, S.; Schneider, J.; Schmidt, ML.; et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020, 25, 1–8.
23. Zhang, L.; Liu, Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 479–490.
24. Xu, H.; Zhong, L.; Deng, J.; Peng, J.; Dan, H.; Zeng, X.; Li, T.; Chen, Q. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019‐nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int. J. Oral Sci. 2020, 12, 1‐5.
25. Ge, Z.; Yang, L.; Xia, J.; Fu, X.; Zhang, Y. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J. Zhejiang Univ. B 2020, 1–8.
26. Madarati, A.; Abid, S.; Tamimi, F.; Ezzi, A.; Sammani, A.; Shaar, M.; Zafar, M. Dental-Dam for Infection Control and Patient Safety during Clinical Endodontic Treatment: Preferences of Dental Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2012.
27. Marui, VC.; Souto, MLS.; Rovai, ES.; Romito, GA.; Chambrone, L.; Pannuti, CM. E_cacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2019, 150, 1015–1026.e1.
28. Khurshid, Z.; Asiri, FYI.;Wadaani, H. Al Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2225.
29. Ng, K.; Poon, BH.; Kiat Puar, TH.; Shan Quah, JL.; Loh,WJ.;Wong, YJ.; Tan, TY.; Raghuram, J. COVID-19 and the Risk to Health CareWorkers: A Case Report. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020.
30. Samaranayake, LP., Reid, J., & Evans, D. (1989). The efficacy of rubber dam isolation in reducing atmospheric bacterial contamination. ASDC J Dent Child, 56(6), 442-444.
31. Jefferson, T.; Foxlee, R.; Del Mar, C.; Dooley, L.; Ferroni, E.; Hewak, B.; Prabhala, A.; Nair, S.; Rivetti, A. Interventions for the interruption or reduction of the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007.
32. Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Eickmann M, Zorn J. In vitro bactericidal and virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine gargle/mouthwash against respiratory and oral tract pathogens. Infect Dis Ther2018;7:249–59.
33. American Association of Endodontics. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care. Retrieved from https://www.aae.org/ specialty/clinical-resources/coronavirus-disease-19-covid-19- implications-for-clinical-dental-care/.
34. American Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Dental Settings During the COVID-19 Response. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/dental-settings.html.
35. American Dental Association. (2020b). What Constitutes a Dental Emergency? Retrieved from https://success.ada.org/~/media/CPS/Files/Open%20Files/ADA_ COVID19_ ental_Emergency_DDS.pdf.
36. Bentley, CD., Burkhart, NW., & Crawford, JJ. (1994). Evaluating spatter and aerosol contamination during dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc, 125(5), 579-584.
37. Jeph V, Sharma D, Ahluwalia K, Patel A, Behera SSP . Endodontic management during COVID- 19 pandemic: A literature review and clinical recommendations. International Journal of Oral Health Dentistry 2020;6(4):257–261
38. Alaiban A, Soghayer NA, Maadi A, HazzaniEA. Endodontic treatment approaches in the era of coronavirus disease 2019, recommended protocols and procedures: a systemic literature review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 2021;5(2):718–722. 39. Mukonoweshuro, R., Mulhearn, K. &Ablal, M. Endodontics and COVID-19 - where are we now?. BDJ In Pract 35, 12–13 (2022).
40. ParinBhanushali, FarhinKatge, Shantanu Deshpande, Vamsi Krishna Chimata, Shilpa Shetty, Debapriya Pradhan, "COVID-19: Changing Trends and Its Impact on Future of Dentistry", International Journal of Dentistry, vol. 2020, Article ID 8817424, 6 pages,2020. 41. Deepika, Nagpal AK, Paul R. Infection Control in Endodontics During COVID Era: A Review. Int Healthc Res J. 2020;4(9):RV1-RV6.
42. Moreira MS, Anuar ASN-S, Tedesco TK, dos Santos M, Morimoto S. Endodontic treatment in single and multiple visits: an overview of systematic reviews. J Endod 2017;43(6):864-70.
43. Krithikadatta J, Nawal RR, Amalavathy K, McLean W, Gopikrishna V. Endodontic and dental practice during COVID‐19 pandemic: Position statement from the Indian Endodontic Society, Indian Dental Association, and International Federation of Endodontic Associations. Endodontology 2020;32:55‐66.
44. Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary, Ayesha Fazal, Muhammad Mohsin Javaid, Muhammad Waqar Hussain, Ammar Ahmed Siddiqui, MawraHyder, Mohammad Khursheed Alam,"Provision of Endodontic Treatment in Dentistry amid COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Clinical Recommendations", BioMed Research International, vol. 2021, Article ID 8963168, 8 pages, 2021
45. Azim AA, Shabbir J, Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Ghabbani HM&Dummer PMH. Clinical endodontic management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a literature review and clinical recommendations. International Endodontic Journal, 53, 1461–1471, 2020
46. Rio CD, Omer SB, Malani PN. Winter of Omicron—The Evolving COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA January 25, 2022 Volume 327, Number 4
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Published
Jun 22, 2023
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Dennis Dennis, Trimurni Abidin, & Abhishek Parolia. (2023). Endodontic Treatment During the Evolving Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and Its Impact: A Narrative Review. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(15), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.15.046
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