Use Cu and Fe metals as a pollution index for status estimation of some Agricultural Soil in Baghdad city/ Iraq

Main Article Content

Fatima Khalid
Huda S. A. Al-Hayanni
Maitham Abdullah Sultan

Keywords

pollution index 1; Cu and Fe metals 2; Agricultural soil; Baghdad city 4

Abstract

The presence of heavy metals in the soil in high concentrations is a clear indicator of soil pollution. The research aims to estimate concentrations of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) in some selected agricultural soil of Baghdad city and to assess the impact of agricultural practices and the sources that lead to an increase in their presence in the soil. Seven sites were selected from the study area that distributed six sites affected by pollution sources and one sample as a control. Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) concentrations were measured using XRF technology.
The results show Fe concentrations were higher than the WHO,1996 limit (50,000 mg/kg). Fe ion is one of the dominant metals among the essential elements in agricultural soils and necessary for plants and is classified geochemically among the major elements, as it differs from the rest of the microelements in terms of their quantity in the soil. Fe values in study soil samples follow this pattern: NH. DYL. > BAST.2 > JAZ. > LAT. > > JAD. > BAST.1 > CONT., the increase in Fe concentrations in the soils of the study area is attributed to the fact that the soil of Baghdad city is rich in iron, and to the long-term use of chemical fertilizers containing impurities of these elements, and to the irrigation water which Agricultural lands are irrigated for a long time. Also, current study results of the Cu element in soil samples were below permissible limits (36 mg/kg) according to the WHO, although some soil samples in sites such as Al-Bestna- 2 and AL-JADRIA were Cu concentrations were high or close to the permissible limit. Cu values in study soil samples follow this pattern: JAD. > BAST.2 > NH. DYL. > LAT. > JAZ. > CONT. > BAST.1. The irrigation of agricultural soil by not suitable water such as agricultural drainage water and wastewater for a long time, in addition to what has added pollutants from the ambient environment such as road dust, air pollutants, and dumping or accumulation of solid waste, leads to an increase Cu concentrations and accumulative it in the soil. The pollution of studied soil was assessed using many soil pollution indices; In general, the results indicate a low contamination level or absence of soil pollution, and no environmental risk by copper element, although there was moderate contamination in some sites.

Abstract 205 | pdf Downloads 111

References

1. Ashraf M. Y., Iqbal N., Ashraf M., Akhter J., 2014. Modulation of physiological and biochemical metabolites in salt stressed rice by foliar application of zinc. – Journal of Plant Nutrition 37: 447-457.
2. Kelly J., Thornton I. and Simpson P.R., 1996. Urban geochemistry: a study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditionally industrial and non-industrial areas of Britain. Appl. Geochem., 11, pp:363-370.
3. Nazir, R., Khan, M., Masab, M., Ur Rehman, H, Ur Rauf, N., Shahab, S., Ameer, N., Sajed, M, Ullah, M. Rafeeq, M. and Shaheen, Z., 2015. Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the soil, water, and plants, and analysis of physicochemical parameters of soil and water Collected from Tanda Dam kohat. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res., 7(3), pp: 89-97.
4. Rana, L., Dhankhar, R. and Chhikara, S., 2010. Soil characteristics affected by long-term application of sewage wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Res., 4(3), pp:513-518.
5. Amin, N., 2014. Chemical activation of bagasse ash in the cementitious system and its impact on strength development. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 32, pp:481-484.
6. AL-Jaboobi, M., Zouahri, A., Tijane, M., El Housni, A., Mennane Z., Yachou, H. and Bouksaim, M., 2014. Evaluation of heavy metals pollution in groundwater, soil and some vegetables irrigated with wastewater in the Skhirat region “Morocco”. J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 5(3), pp: 961-966.
7. Lone, A. H., Lal, E. P., Thakur, S., Ganie, S. A., Wani, M. S., Khare, A., Wani, S. H. and Wani, F. A., 2013. Accumulation of heavy metals on soil and vegetable crops grown on sewage and tube well water irrigation. Academic J., 8(44), pp: 2187-2193.
8. Nriagu, J. O., 1990. Global Metal Pollution – Poisoning the Biosphere. Environment 32(7), 7-33.
9. Abdel-Rahman, G.N.; Ahmed, M.B.M.; Saleh, E.M.; Fouzy, A.S.M., 2018. Estimated heavy metal residues in Egyptian vegetables in comparison with previous studies and recommended tolerable limits. J. Biol. Sci, 18, 135–143.
10. Sadiq, A. H. and Muhannad K. K., 2008. Monthly changes in trace element concentrations in main channel of Gharraf River of Tigris River, Department of Fish and Livestock. faculty of Agriculture. Albasrah university.
11. Al-Kinani, S. K., 2017. Population encroachment on green areas in the capital, Baghdad, Journal of Educational Studies, 40, 2.
12. https://www.worldmap1 .com /map/iraq/baghdad-map.asp
13. Bukheet, Y. C., 2016. Land Cover Change Detection of Baghdad City Using Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing Imagery. Iraqi Journal of Science, Special Issue (Part A): 195-214.
14. Kadhum Sh. T. and Hussain A., 2011. A Study of Changes in the Chemical Properties of Soil due to Irrigation by Polluted River Water (Army Canal in Baghdad) for a Long Period. Engineering and Technology Journal, Volume 29, Issue 6, Pages 1032-1051.10.30684 / etj.29.6.1
15. Habib R. Habib, Awadh S. M., and Muslim M. Z., 2012. Toxic Heavy Metals in Soil and Some Plants in Baghdad, Iraq. Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.15 (2), June, pp.1-16.
16. Al Obaidy A. M. J., Al Mashhadi A. A. M., 2013. Heavy Metal Contaminations in Urban Soil within Baghdad City, Iraq. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 72-82.
17. Al-Nour T.H.m, Arsalan L. Kh., and Abd Ali L. J., 2016. Determination of heavy metals in water, plants and soils of agricultural areas adjacent to the waters of the Tigris River in the Al-Kuraiyat area- Baghdad- Iraq. AL-Bahir Quarterly Refereed Journal for Natural and Engineering science. Vol. 4, No. 7 and 8, P. (17-35) A, 2016.
18. Jasim A. J., 2017. Evaluation and monitoring the impact environmental pollution in water and soil south of Baghdad. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. July – August 2017 RJPBCS 8(4) Page No. 659. ISSN: 0975-8585.
19. Mahdii, B.A. and Turki, A.M., 2020. Estimating Soil Pollution Range with Heavy Metals in Some Areas of Baghdad City. Medico-Legal Update, pp.747-751.Bradl, H. ed., 2005. Heavy metals in the environment: origin, interaction and remediation. Elsevier.
20. Fadhel M.A. and Abdulhussein F. M., 2022 Assessment of the Contamination of Baghdad Soils with Lead Element. Iraqi Geological Journal, 55 (1F), 166-177.
21. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 2018. Soil pollution, a Hedin Reality. ISBN 978-92-5-130505-8. Rome , (www.fao.org/publications)
22. Issa H.M. and Alshatteri A.H.,2021. A.H. Heavy Metals Contamination in Agricultural Soils of Middle Basin of Sirwan (Diyala) River, East Iraq: Multivariate Analysis, Risk Assessment, Source Apportionment, and Spatial Distribution. J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2021, Volume 12, Issue 03, Page 391-405.
23. Al-Ghajar M. A., 2022. The Effect of Some Properties of Soil in Iron Availability in Soils of Some North of Aleppo Countries. Syrian Journal of Agricultural Research –SJAR 9(1): 317-329 February.
24. Mahdi A. H. A., Badawy Sh. A., Abdel Latef A.A., El Hosary A. A. A., U. Abd El Razek A., and Taha R. S., 2021. Integrated Effects of Potassium Humate and Planting Density on Growth, Physiological Traits and Yield of Vicia faba L. Grown in Newly Reclaimed Soil. Agronomy, 11, 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030461.
25. Chatterjee A. and Banerjee R. N., 1999. Determination of Lead and Other Metals in a Residential Area of Greater Cal-cutta,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 227, No. 2-3, pp. 175-185. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00026-1. 26. Fan J., He Z., Ma L. Q., Nogueira Th. A.R., Wang Y., Liang Z., Stoffella P. J., 2012. Calcium water treatment residue reduces copper phytotoxicity in contaminated sandy soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials Volumes 199–200, 15 Jan., Pages 375-382.
27. Endale, T., Negussie, M., Chandravanshi, B. S. and Feleke, Z., 2012. Determination of the level of lead in the roadside soils of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SINET Ethiop J Sci, 35(2), 81-94.
28. WHO, 1996. Permissible limits of heavy metals in soil and plants (Geneva: World Health Organization), Switzerland.
29. Chen, H., Teng, Y., Lu, S., Wang, Y., & Wang, J., 2015. Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Science of the Total Environment, 512–513, 143–153.
30. Kowalska JB,Mazurek R, Gąsiorek M, Zaleski T., 2018. Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination-a review. Environ Geochem Health 40(6):2395–2420.
31. Elias, P., & Gbadegesin, A., 2011. Spatial relationships of urban land use, soils and heavy metal concentrations in Lagos Mainland Area. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 15, 391–399.
32. Muller, G., 1969. Index of geo accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geol. J. 2: 109-118p.
33. Abrahim, G.M.S. and Parker, R.J., 2008. Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 136(1), pp.227-238.
34. Chen T. B., Zheng Y. M., Lei M., Huang Z. C., Wu H. T., Chen H., Fan K. K., Yu K., Wu X., and Tian Q. Z., 2005. As-sessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Soils of Urban Parks in Beijing, China, Chemosphere, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 542-551.
35. Håkanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water research, 14(8), pp.975-1001.
36. LIU, W.H., ZHAO, J.Z., OUYANG, Z.Y., SODERLUND, L. AND LIU, G.H., 2005. Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environ. Int., 31: 805-812.
37. Varol, M., 2011. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 355–364.
38. Zheng, G.Z., 2013. Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and its potential ecological risk to the farmland soil in Loess Hilly Area of North Shaanxi Province. Chin. J. Soil Sci, 44, pp.1491-1495.