Influence of Arenga pinnata solution on salivary pH and salivary microbiology
Main Article Content
Keywords
dental caries. Dietary sugars. Salivary pH. Salivary Microbiology
Abstract
Background: Palm sugar is extracted from the Palmyra palm. It is a rich source of calcium and phosphorus. It has been found to be less cariogenic and has less demineralization potential compared to refined sugar.
Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the effect of Arenga pinnata solution and refined sugar solution on salivary pH and salivary microbiology.
Material and Methods: 5 g of palm sugar and 5 g of refined sugar solutions were prepared, respectively. The participants were allocated to two equal groups, i.e., Group A: refined sugar solution (n = 10), and Group B: palm sugar solution (n = 10). Saliva samples are collected at baseline and 30 minutes after rinsing with each sugar solution. Salivary pH level and total microbial load were evaluated by salivary pH meter and bioluminometer. The Streptococcus mutans count was assessed by the culture plate method.
Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in salivary pH between the palm sugar and refined sugar groups after 30 minutes (p = 0.018). The increase in salivary microbial count after consumption of refined sugar solution was higher compared to palm sugar solution (p = 0.02).
Conclusion: A higher pH reduction was seen with refined sugar compared to palm sugar. The total microbial load was higher after consumption of the refined sugar solution, while there wasn't any significant change in Streptococcus mutans between the two groups.
References
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27. Szpunar SM, Eklund SA, Burt BA. Sugar consumption and caries risk in schoolchildren with low caries experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995 Jun;23(3):142–6.
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29. Maryani Y, Rochmat A, Khastini RO, Kurniawan T, Saraswati I. Identification of Macro Elements (Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose) and Micro Elements (Metal Minerals) in the Products of Palm Sugar, Coconut Sugar and Sugar Cane. 2nd and 3rd International Conference on Food Security Innovation (ICFSI 2018-2019). 2021 Mar 4;271–4.
30. Ishak MR, Sapuan SM, Leman Z, Rahman MZA, Anwar UMK, Siregar JP. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata): Its fibres, polymers and composites [Internet]. Vol. 91, Carbohydrate Polymers. 2013. p. 699–710. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.073
31. Vayalil PK. Date Fruits (Phoenix dactyliferaLinn): An Emerging Medicinal Food [Internet]. Vol. 52, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2012. p. 249–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.499824
32. Trinidad P, Trinidad TP, Mallillin AC, Sagum RS, Encabo RR. Glycemic index of commonly consumed carbohydrate foods in the Philippines [Internet]. Vol. 2, Journal of Functional Foods. 2010. p. 271–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2010.10.002
33. Wojtczak M, Biernasiak J, Papiewska A. Evaluation of microbiological purity of raw and refined white cane sugar [Internet]. Vol. 25, Food Control. 2012. p. 136–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.031
34. Cheesman OD. Environmental impacts of sugar production: the cultivation and processing of sugarcane and sugar beet: overview [Internet]. Environmental impacts of sugar production: the cultivation and processing of sugarcane and sugar beet. 2004. p. 11–48. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851999814.0011
35. Sekar D. Circulatory microRNAs inhibition and its signaling pathways in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral Oncol. 2022 Mar;126:105763.
36. Arumugam P, George R, Jayaseelan VP. Aberrations of m6A regulators are associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol. 2021 Feb;122:105030.
37. Balachander K, Paramasivam A. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a novel non-invasive biomarker for oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2022 Apr;127:105825.
38. Bijai LK, Muthukrishnan A. Potential role of fibroblast senescence in malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Oncol. 2022 Apr;127:105810.
39. Ezhilarasan D, Lakshmi T, Subha M, Deepak Nallasamy V, Raghunandhakumar S. The ambiguous role of sirtuins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis. 2022 Apr;28(3):559–67.
40. Pandiar D, Ramani P, Krishnan RP, Monica K. Multifaceted multinucleated giant cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2021 Oct;121:105400.
41. Sekar D. The Role of microRNAs as a predictive biomarker and therapeutic molecule in the treatment of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder (OPMD). Oral Oncol. 2022 Apr;127:105786.
42. Preethy NA, Jeevanandan G, Govindaraju L, Subramanian E. Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Commercially Available Esthetic Restorative Composite Materials: An Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Nov-Dec;13(6):635–9.
2. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):51–9.
3. Hara AT, Zero DT. The caries environment: saliva, pellicle, diet, and hard tissue ultrastructure. Dent Clin North Am. 2010 Jul;54(3):455–67.
4. Díaz-Garrido N, Lozano C, Giacaman RA. Frequency of sucrose exposure on the cariogenicity of a biofilm-caries model. Eur J Dent. 2016 Jul-Sep;10(3):345–50.
5. Kreth J, Giacaman RA, Raghavan R, Merritt J. The road less traveled - defining molecular commensalism with Streptococcus sanguinis. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2017 Jun;32(3):181–96.
6. Kuramitsu HK, He X, Lux R, Anderson MH, Shi W. Interspecies interactions within oral microbial communities. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007 Dec;71(4):653–70.
7. Joshi SR, Bhansali A, Bajaj S, Banzal SS, Dharmalingam M, Gupta S, et al. Results from a dietary survey in an Indian T2DM population: a STARCH study. BMJ Open. 2014 Oct 31;4(10):e005138.
8. Nayaka MAH, Harish Nayaka MA, Sathisha UV, Manohar MP, Chandrashekar KB, Dharmesh SM. Cytoprotective and antioxidant activity studies of jaggery sugar [Internet]. Vol. 115, Food Chemistry. 2009. p. 113–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.067
9. Srikaeo K, Thongta R. Effects of sugarcane, palm sugar, coconut sugar and sorbitol on starch digestibility and physicochemical properties of wheat based foods. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 May 4]; Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fec89c65d3c39cae136dd35cfde33a141a15e427
10. Poornima P, Krithikadatta J, Ponraj RR, Velmurugan N, Kishen A. Biofilm formation following chitosan-based varnish or chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish application in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: a double blinded randomised controlled trial. BMC Oral Health. 2021 Sep 23;21(1):465.
11. Murugesan A, Sivakumar A. Comparison of accuracy of mesiodistal tooth measurements made in conventional study models and digital models obtained from intraoral scan and desktop scan of study models. J Orthod. 2020 Jun;47(2):149–55. 12. Kurniawan A, Chusida A ’nisaa, Atika N, Gianosa TK, Solikhin MD, Margaretha MS, et al. The Applicable Dental Age Estimation Methods for Children and Adolescents in Indonesia. Int J Dent. 2022 Feb 15;2022:6761476.
13. Jeevanandan G, Ravindran V, Subramanian EM, Kumar AS. Postoperative Pain with Hand, Reciprocating, and Rotary Instrumentation Techniques after Root Canal Preparation in Primary Molars: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Jan-Feb;13(1):21–6.
14. Paulraj J, Nagar P. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triphala and Propolis-modified Glass Ionomer Cement: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Sep-Oct;13(5):457–62.
15. Sekar D, Murthykumar K, Ganapathy D. miR-206 and its mimics: A predictive biomarker and therapeutic molecule in the treatment of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2022 May;128:105849.
16. Harsha L, Subramanian AK. Comparative Assessment of pH and Degree of Surface Roughness of Enamel When Etched with Five Commercially Available Etchants: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2022 Feb 1;23(2):181–5.
17. Hegde MN, Attavar SH, Shetty N, Hegde ND, Hegde NN. Saliva as a biomarker for dental caries: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2019 Jan-Feb;22(1):2–6.
18. Okanojo M, Miyashita N, Tazaki A, Tada H, Hamazoto F, Hisamatsu M, et al. Attomol-level ATP bioluminometer for detecting single bacterium. Luminescence. 2017 Aug;32(5):751–6.
19. Sognnaes RF, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Mechanisms of hard tissue destruction; a symposium presented at the Philadelphia meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, December 29 and 30, 1962 [Internet]. 1963. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6450
20. Website [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345440230040401
21. Banan LK, Hegde AM. Plaque and salivary pH changes after consumption of fresh fruit juices. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2005 Autumn;30(1):9–13.
22. Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow, and function [Internet]. Vol. 85, The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2001. p. 162–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2001.113778
23. Edgar WM. Saliva and dental health. Clinical implications of saliva: report of a consensus meeting [Internet]. Vol. 169, British Dental Journal. 1990. p. 96–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807284
24. Edgar WM, ) CD (ph, O’Mullane DM, Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Saliva and Oral Health. 2012. 154 p.
25. Marsh PD. Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease. Adv Dent Res. 1994 Jul;8(2):263–71.
26. Marsh PD. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology. 2003 Feb;149(Pt 2):279–94.
27. Szpunar SM, Eklund SA, Burt BA. Sugar consumption and caries risk in schoolchildren with low caries experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995 Jun;23(3):142–6.
28. Ambily Jayadevan , Dhanavel Chakravarthy , Padmaraj S.N , Vijayaraja S ,Limly Bal ,Nandini Dimple. Comparative Evaluation of Cariogenic Potential of Natural and Unrefined Sweeteners on Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Formation and Enamel Demineralization-In Vitro Study. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. March,2019;18(3):63–70.
29. Maryani Y, Rochmat A, Khastini RO, Kurniawan T, Saraswati I. Identification of Macro Elements (Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose) and Micro Elements (Metal Minerals) in the Products of Palm Sugar, Coconut Sugar and Sugar Cane. 2nd and 3rd International Conference on Food Security Innovation (ICFSI 2018-2019). 2021 Mar 4;271–4.
30. Ishak MR, Sapuan SM, Leman Z, Rahman MZA, Anwar UMK, Siregar JP. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata): Its fibres, polymers and composites [Internet]. Vol. 91, Carbohydrate Polymers. 2013. p. 699–710. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.073
31. Vayalil PK. Date Fruits (Phoenix dactyliferaLinn): An Emerging Medicinal Food [Internet]. Vol. 52, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2012. p. 249–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.499824
32. Trinidad P, Trinidad TP, Mallillin AC, Sagum RS, Encabo RR. Glycemic index of commonly consumed carbohydrate foods in the Philippines [Internet]. Vol. 2, Journal of Functional Foods. 2010. p. 271–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2010.10.002
33. Wojtczak M, Biernasiak J, Papiewska A. Evaluation of microbiological purity of raw and refined white cane sugar [Internet]. Vol. 25, Food Control. 2012. p. 136–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.031
34. Cheesman OD. Environmental impacts of sugar production: the cultivation and processing of sugarcane and sugar beet: overview [Internet]. Environmental impacts of sugar production: the cultivation and processing of sugarcane and sugar beet. 2004. p. 11–48. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851999814.0011
35. Sekar D. Circulatory microRNAs inhibition and its signaling pathways in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral Oncol. 2022 Mar;126:105763.
36. Arumugam P, George R, Jayaseelan VP. Aberrations of m6A regulators are associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol. 2021 Feb;122:105030.
37. Balachander K, Paramasivam A. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a novel non-invasive biomarker for oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2022 Apr;127:105825.
38. Bijai LK, Muthukrishnan A. Potential role of fibroblast senescence in malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Oncol. 2022 Apr;127:105810.
39. Ezhilarasan D, Lakshmi T, Subha M, Deepak Nallasamy V, Raghunandhakumar S. The ambiguous role of sirtuins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis. 2022 Apr;28(3):559–67.
40. Pandiar D, Ramani P, Krishnan RP, Monica K. Multifaceted multinucleated giant cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2021 Oct;121:105400.
41. Sekar D. The Role of microRNAs as a predictive biomarker and therapeutic molecule in the treatment of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder (OPMD). Oral Oncol. 2022 Apr;127:105786.
42. Preethy NA, Jeevanandan G, Govindaraju L, Subramanian E. Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Commercially Available Esthetic Restorative Composite Materials: An Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Nov-Dec;13(6):635–9.
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Published
Jun 6, 2023
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Astha Bramhecha, & Jogikalmat KrithikaDatta. (2023). Influence of Arenga pinnata solution on salivary pH and salivary microbiology. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.020
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