Cytokine expression, immune responses, hematology and growth performance of Eimeria tennela infected broiler chickens treated with essential oils
Main Article Content
Keywords
Coccidiosis, Eimeria tenella, Essential oil, caeca, cytokines, hematology, performance
Abstract
Abstract: Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease of poultry with high economic significance. In current study, a total of 50 caeca samples with a history of bloody diarrhea were collected. The samples were subjected to DNA extraction, followed by PCR of ITS-1 gene. It was observed that isolated Eimeria tenella was closely related to isolates of China, India, and the USA, with mild observable heterology in oligonucleotide sequences. The isolated Eimeria tenella was used in the experimental study. A total of 80 chicks were divided into the 4 groups from G1-G4. G1 was kept as negative control. The chicks in the G2 were treated with Eimeria tenella @ 4.0 ×105/ml. In the G3 the chicks were treated with Eimeria tenella and essential oil @ 0.25ml/L drinking water. In the G4 the chicks were treated with Eimeria tenella and Amprolium, @ 0.25ml/L. At different days samples were collected and different parameters were studied. A significant decrease in pathological lesions were observed in birds of infected and essential oil-treated groups. Similarly, the essential oil-treated group found a significant decrease in oocysts count; however, no significant difference was found in hematological values. The essential oil-treated group showed a decrease in mortality rate and improved weight gain and FCR. Eimeria tenella-infected birds had high values of interferon-gamma and IL-10 (interleukin 10) as compared to the normal group. In vitro, the essential oil also proved an anticoccidial agent as significantly sporulation of oocysts was reduced (P<0.05). We conclude that the essential oil blends can be used as an alternative measure to the chemotherapeutic agent to control the coccidiosis in the poultry industry.
References
2. Abbas, R.Z.; Iqbal, Z.; Akhtar, M.S.; Khan, M.N.; Jabbar, A.; Sandhu, Z.; Anticoccidial screening of Azadirachta indica (Neem) in broilers. Pharmacologyonline. 2006, 3(2), 365–371.
3. Mottet, A.; Tempio, G.; Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 2017, 73(2), 245–256.
4. Hald, T.; Analysis of the baseline survey on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler batches and of Campylobacter and Salmonella on broiler carcasses in the EU, 2008, Part A: Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalence estimates. European Food Safety Authority 2010,
5. Bachaya, H.; Raza, M.; Khan, M.; Iqbal, Z.; Abbas, R.; Murtaza, S.; Badar, N.; Predominance and detection of different Eimeria species causing coccidiosis in layer chickens. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2012, 22(3), 597–600.
6. Barbour, E.K.; Bragg, R.R.; Karrouf, G.; Iyer, A.; Azhar, E.; Harakeh, S.; Kumosani, T.; Control of eight predominant Eimeria spp. involved in the economic coccidiosis of broiler chicken by a chemically characterized essential oil. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2015, 118(3), 583–591.
7. Shirley, M.W.; Lillehoj, H.S.; The long view: a selective review of 40 years of coccidiosis research. Avian Pathol. 2012, 41, 111–21.
8. Peek, H.W.; Landman, W.J.M.; Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies. Vet. Q. 2011, 31, 143–61.
9. Adhikari, P.; Kiess, A.; Adhikari, R.; Jha, R.; An approach to alternative strategies to control avian coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2020, 29, 515–34.
10. Gadde, U.; Kim, W.H.; Oh, S.T.; Lillehoj, H.S.; Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2017, 18, 26–45.
11. Zhai, H.; Liu, H.; Wang, S.; Wu, J.; Kluenter, A.M.; Potential of essential oils for poultry and pigs. Anim. Nutr. 2018, 4, 179–86.
12. Ogedengbe, J.D.; Hanner, R.H.; Barta, J.R.; DNA barcoding identifies Eimeria species and contributes to the phylogenetics of coccidian parasites (Eimeriorina, Apicomplexa, Alveolata). Int. J. parasitol. 2011, 41(8), pp.843-850.
13. Amer, M.M.; Awaad, M.H.H.; El-Khateeb, R.M.; Abu-Elezz, N.M.T.; Sherein-Said, A.; Ghetas, M.M.; Kutkat, M.A.; Isolation and identification of Eimeria from field coccidiosis in chickens. J. Am. Sci. 2010, 6(10), 1107–1114.
14. Desjardins, P.; Conklin, D.; NanoDrop microvolume quantitation of nucleic acids. J. Vis. Exp. 2010, (45), p. e2565.
15. Patra, J.; Taylor, B.; Irving, H.; Roerecke, M.; Baliunas, D.; Mohapatra, S.; Rehm, J.; Alcohol consumption and the risk of morbidity and mortality for different stroke types-a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC public health 2010, 10(1), pp.1-12.
16. Lee, P.L.; DNA amplification in the field: move over PCR, here comes LAMP. 2017,
17. Williams, R.B.; Anticoccidial vaccines for broiler chickens: pathways to success. Avian Pathol. 2002, 31(4), pp.317-353.
18. Cha, C.B.; Franz, P.J.; Guzmán, M.E.; Glenn, C.R.; Kleiman, E.M.; Nock, M.K.; Annual Research Review: Suicide among youth epidemiology, (potential) etiology, and treatment. J. Child Psychol. psychiatry 2018, 59(4), pp.460-482.
19. Benjamin, M.M.; Outline of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd ed.; Iowa State University Press: Ames, IA, USA, 1961.
20. Bancroft, J.D.; Gamble, M.; Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008.
21. Singh, S.; Kushwaha, B.P.; Maity, S.B.; Singh, K.K.; Das, N.; Effect of nutrients level and source on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, rumen profile, blood metabolites and growth in Bhadawari buffalo female calves. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 84(4), pp.442-446.
22. Youn, H.J.; Noh, J.W.; Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella. Vet. parasitol. 2001, 96(4), pp.257-263.
23. Bozkurt, M.; Aysul, N.; Küçükyilmaz, K.; Aypak, S.; Ege, G.; Catli, A.U.; Akşit, H.; Çöven, F.; Seyrek, K.; Cınar, M.; Efficacy of in-feed
preparations of an anticoccidial, multienzyme, prebiotic, probiotic, and herbal essential oil mixture in healthy and Eimeria spp.-infected broilers. Poult. sci. 2014, 93(2), pp.389-399.
24. Warriss, P.D.; Pagazaurtundua, A.; Brown, S.N.; Relationship between maximum daily temperature and mortality of broiler chickens during transport and lairage. Br. Poult. sci. 2005, 46(6), pp.647-651.
25. Erb, K.H.; Mayer, A.; Kastner, T.; Sallet, K.E.; Haberl, H.; The impact of industrial grain fed livestock production on food security: an extended literature review. Commissioned by compassion in world farming. 2012, The Tubney Charitable Trust and World Society for the Protection of Animals, London, UK
26. Fatani, A.; Hilali, M.; Prevalence and monthlyvariations of the second and third instars of Cephalopinatitillator (Diptera: Oestridae) infesting camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Vet. Parasitol. 1994, 53, 145–151.
27. Kamsuk, K.; Choochote, W.; Chaithong, U.; Jitpakdi, A.; Tippawangkosol, P.; Riyong, D.; Pitasawat, B.; Effectiveness of Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications. Parasitol. Res. 2007, 100, 339–345.
28. Grabensteiner, E.; Liebhart, D.; Arshad, N.; Hess, M.; Antiprotozoal activities determined in vitro and invivo of certain plant extracts against Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarumand Blastocystissp. Parasitol. Res. 2008, 103, 1257–1264.
29. Giannenas, I.; Florou-Paneri, P.; Papazahariadou, M.; Christaki, E.; Botsoglou, N.A.; Spais, A.B.; Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Arch Tierernahr. 2003, 57,99–106.
30. Oviedo-Rondon, E.O.; Clement-Hernandez, S.; Salvador, F.; Essential oils on mixed coccidian vaccination and infection in broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2006, 5, 723–730.
31. Cross, D.E.; McDevitt, R.M.; Hillman, K.; Acamovic, T.; The effect of herbs and their associated essentialoils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Br. Poult. Sci. 2007, 48, 496–506.
32. Timbermont, L.; Lanckriet, A.; Dewulf, J.; Nollet, N.; Schwarzer, K.; Haesebrouck, F.; Ducatelle, R.; and VanImmerseel, F.; Control of Clostridium per fringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-releasedbutyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathol. 2010, 39,117–121.
33. Schuhmacher, A.; Reichling, J.; Schnitzler, P.; Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruse herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2in vitro. Phytomedicine 2003, 10, 504–510.
34. Gopi, M.; Karthik, K.; Manjunathachar, H.V.; Tamilmahan, P.; Kesavan, M.; Dashprakash, M.;
Balaraju, B.L.; Purushothaman, M.R.; Essential oils as a feed additive in poultry nutrition. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2014, 2(1), pp.1-7.
35. Min, W.; Dalloul, R.A.; Lillehoj, H.S.; Review application of biotechnological tools for coccidian vaccine development. J. Vet. Sci. 2004, 5, 279–288.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.