Risk and Protective Factors for ADHD in Damietta, Egypt
Main Article Content
Keywords
protective factors; risk factors; ADHD; neurodevelopmental; Damietta
Abstract
Background: With the world widely increasing burden of neurodevelopmental disorders in general and ADHD in particular the need for more studies about its risk and protective factors becomes urgent, working in this research area will enable us to find better ways to reduce incidence of ADHD.
Results: To assess possible risk and protective factors of ADHD in children in Damietta governorate
this case-control study included100 ADHD patients and 100 matched controls, 70% males and 30% females, aged between 3 and 18 years, patients were recruited from specialized institutions and controls from regular schools in Damietta in a period of 6 months, the study suggested some risk factors for ADHD as residence in urban areas, parental consanguinity, prenatal maternal active or passive exposure to tobacco smoke, regular maternal psychoactive drugs intake, maternal high intake of sugar, family exposure to furniture paints, family regular intake of food additives, having a sibling with ADHD, and some protective factors which are regular maternal iron intake, folic acid intake, and omega3 intake during pregnancy.
Conclusion: Risk factors revealed by the study for ADHD are residence in urban areas, parental consanguinity, prenatal maternal active or passive exposure to tobacco smoke, regular maternal psychoactive drugs intake, maternal high intake of sugar, family exposure to furniture paints, family regular intake of food additives, having a sibling with ADHD and protective factors are regular maternal iron intake, folic acid intake, and omega3 intake during pregnancy.
References
1. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders .5th Ed. Arlington, American Psychiatric Publishing.2013; pp. 59–65
2. Hanan Azzam : Perceived parenting attitudes in relation to ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviors in a sample of Egyptian children with ADHD, Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2021volume 28, Article number: 18
3. Stephen V. Faraone , Henrik Larsson : Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Molecular Psychiatry .2019; 24:562–575
4. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, j.neubiorev. 2022; doi:10.1016
5. CDC ADHD fact sheet 2022: website :https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/index.html , cited on 1/09/2022
6. Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, Kogan MD, Boyle CA . Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009-2017. Pediatrics 2019 Oct;144(4):e20190811. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-0811. PMID: 31558576; PMCID: PMC7076808.
7. Soad D, EL-Gendy, Eman A, El-Bitar, Mona A, El-Awady, Hanaa E, Bayomy , Eman M, Agwa .Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Prevalence and risk factors in Egyptian primary school children. The Egyptian Journal of Public Health 2017 ; Article 1, Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2017, Page 1-16
8. Zeinab Bishry, Hisham A, Ramy, Mona M, El-Sheikh, Ahmed A, El-Missiry , Marwa A . Risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a sample of Egyptian adolescents: A case-control study, Middle East Current Psychiatry 2013 ; 20(3):131-139, July 2013, DOI:10.1097/01.XME.0000430425.13729.e6
9. Croes EA, El Galta R, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ . Phenotypic subtypes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an isolated population, European Journal of Epidemiology 2005; vol. 20,pp789–794
10. Rickel A, and Brown R . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults, Hogrefe & Huber Publishers 2007;website: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-05952-000
11. Anne Halmøy, Kari Klungsøyr, Rolv Skjærven, Jan Haavik . Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorderو Biological Psychiatry 2016; vol. 71, issue 5, P474-481, March 01, 2012
12. Clements CC, Castro VM, Blumenthal SR, Rosenfield HR, Murphy SN, Fava M. Prenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder but not autism spectrum disorder in a large health system, Mol. Psychiatry 2015 ;20(6):727–34
13. Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, D’Onofrio BM, Almqvist C, Kuja-halkola R, Sjölander A . Maternal age at childbirth and risk for ADHD in offspring: a population-based cohort study, Int. J. Epidemiol. 2014;43(6):1815–24
14. Park S, Cho S-C, Kim J-W, Shin M-S, Yoo H-J, Oh SM . Differential perinatal risk factors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by subtype, Psychiatry Res. 2014; 2;219(3):609–16. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.036
15. Silva D, Colvin L, Hagemann E, Bower C . Environmental risk factors by gender associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2014;133(1):e14–22
16. Biederman J, Petty CR, Bhide PG, Woodworth KY, Faraone S . Does exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the clinical features of ADHD? Results from a controlled study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(1):60–4. doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.562243.
17. Wakschlag LS, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Green SM, Gordon RA, Leventhal BL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(7):670–6.
18. Langley K, Heron J, Smith GD, Thapar A . Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: testing for intrauterine effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(3):261–8.
19. Zhu JL, Olsen J, Liew Z, Li J, Niclasen J, Obel C . Parental smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in children: the Danish national birth cohort, Pediatrics. 2014;134(2):e382–8.
20. Skoglund C, Chen Q, D’Onofrio BM, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H . Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring. J Child Psychol. 2014;55(1):61–8. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12124.
21. Thapar A, Rice F, Hay D, Boivin J, Langley K, van den Bree M . Prenatal smoking might not cause attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from a novel design. Biol Psychiatry 2009;66(8):722–727. pmid:19596120
22. Schlack R, Goebel K, Hoelling H, Petermann F, Romanos M.Predictors of stability of parent report on ADHD lifetime prevalence and incidence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis in the developmental course over six years, Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 2018;66:233–247.
23. Chronis AM, El Galta R, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Ferdinand RF, Leo´ n SL, Rademaker TAM. Phenotypic subtypes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an isolated population, Europe J Epidemiol 2005; 20 (Suppl 9):789–794.
24. Lahey BB. Should the combined and predominantly inattentive types of ADHD be considered distinct and unrelated disorders? Not now, at least.Clin Psychol-Sci Pr 2001; 8:494–497.
25. Sciberras E, Mulraney M, Silva D, Coghill D . Prenatal Risk Factors and the Etiology of ADHD-Review of Existing Evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports 2017; Jan;19(1):1. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0753-2. PMID: 28091799.
26. Langley K, Heron J, Smith GD, Thapar A . Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: testing for intrauterine effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(3):261–8.
27. Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Ji J. Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among individuals with a family history of alcohol use disorders, eLife 2014;3, e02917.
28. Aline Marileen Wiegersma, Christina Dalman, Brian K. Lee, Håkan Karlsson, Renee M. Gardner. Association of Prenatal Maternal Anemia With Neurodevelopmental Disorders, JAMA Psychiatry 2019 Dec; 76(12): 1294–1304.
29. Jasveer Virk,Zeyan Liew,Jørn Olsen,Ellen A Nohr,Janet M Catov , Beate Ritz.Pre-conceptual and prenatal supplementary folic acid and
multivitamin intake, behavioral problems, and hyperkinetic disorders: A study based on the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), Nutritional Neuroscience 2018; Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 352-360
30. Ying Li,Robert Freedman. Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China, Pediatr Investig. 2020; Jun 24;4(2):118-126. doi: 10.1002/ped4.12199
31. Kohlboeck G, Glaser C, Tiesler C, Demmelmair H, Standl M, Romanos M. Effect of fatty acid status in cord blood serum on children’s behavioral difficulties at 10 y of age: Results from the LISAplus Study,American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011;94(6):1592–1599.
32. Jane Pei-Chen Chang.Personalised medicine in child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Focus on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ADHD,Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health,Volume 16,2021,100310.
33. Gould J.F., Treyvaud K., Yelland L.N., Anderson P.J., Smithers L.G., McPhee A.J., Makrides M . Seven-year follow-up of children born to women in a randomized trial of prenatal DHA supplementation. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2017;317:1173–1175. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.21303.
34. United States Environmental Protection Agency.Volatile Organic Compounds’ Impact on Indoor Air Quality 2020; website: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality
35. M. Chang, H. Park, M. Ha, Y.C. Hong, Y.H. Lim, Y. Kim, Y.J. Kim, D. Lee, E.H. Ha .The effect of prenatal TVOC exposure on birth and infantile weight: the Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health study, Pediatr. Res. 2017; pp. 423-428, 10.1038/pr.2017.55
36. U. Franck, A. Weller, S.W. Röder, G. Herberth, K.M. Junge, T. Kohajda, M. von Bergen, U. Rolle-Kampczyk, U. Diez, M. Borte, I. Lehmann .Prenatal VOC exposure and redecoration are related to wheezing in early infancy, Environ. Int. 2014; 73, pp. 393-401, 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.013
37. C. Till, G. Koren, J.F. Rovet.Prenatal exposure to organic solvents and child neurobehavioral performance,Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2001; 23, pp. 235-245, 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00141-6
38. M. Guxens, I. Aguilera, F. Ballester, M. Estarlich, A. Fernández-Somoano, A. Lertxundi, N. Lertxundi, M.A. Mendez, A. Tardón, M. Vrijheid, J. Sunyer . Prenatal exposure to residential air pollution and infant mental development: modulation by antioxidants and detoxification factors,Environ., Health Perspect 2012; 120, pp. 144-149, 10.1289/ehp.1103469
39. Hiroko Nakaoka, Aya Hisada, Daisuke Matsuzawa, Midori Yamamoto, Chisato Mori, Michihiro Kamijima, Shin Yamazaki, Yukihiro Ohya, Reiko Kishi, Nobuo Yaegashi, Koichi Hashimoto, Chisato Mori, Shuichi Ito, Zentaro Yamagata, Hidekuni Inadera, Takeo Nakayama, Hiroyasu Iso, Masayuki Shima, Youichi Kurozawa, Narufumi Suganuma, Koichi Kusuhara, Takahiko Katoh . Associations between prenatal exposure to volatile organic compounds and neurodevelopment in 12-month-old children. The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Science of The Total Environment 2021;Volume 794,2021,148643,ISSN 0048-9697.
40. Giehae Choi, Alexander P. Keil, David B. Richardson, Julie L. Daniels, Kate Hoffman, Gro D. Villanger, Amrit K. Sakhi, Cathrine Thomsen, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud, Heidi Aase, Stephanie M. Engel. Pregnancy exposure to organophosphate esters and the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study,Environment International 2021;Volume 154,2021,106549,ISSN 0160-4120.
41. Kemp A . Food additives and hyperactivity, BMJ, 2008 May 24;336(7654):1144. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39582.375336.BE. PMID: 18497374; PMCID: PMC2394588.
42. Cecil CA, Walton E, Barker ED. Prenatal diet and childhood ADHD: exploring the potential role of IGF2 methylation, Epigenomics, 2016 Dec;8(12):1573-1576. doi: 10.2217/epi-2016-0131, Epub 2016 Nov 18. PMID: 27855496.
43. Harris MN, Voigt RG, Barbaresi WJ, Voge GA, Killian JM, Weaver AL. ADHD and learning disabilities in former late preterm infants: a population-based birth cohort. Pediatrics 2013;132(3):e630–6.
44. Clements CC, Castro VM, Blumenthal SR, Rosenfield HR, Murphy SN, Fava M . Prenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder but not autism spectrum disorder in a large health system. Mol Psychiatry 2015;20(6):727–34. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.90.
45. Getahun D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K, Lu SE, Quinn VP, Fassett MJ.In utero exposure to ischemic-hypoxic conditions and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2013;131(1):e53–61.
46. Tole F, Kopf J, Schröter K, Palladino VS, Jacob CP, Reif A (2019): The role of pre-, peri-, and postnatal risk factors in bipolar disorder and adult ADHD. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019;126:1117–1126.
47. Wüstner A, Otto C, Schlack R, Hölling H, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U. Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0214412.
48. Hanć T, Szwed A, Słopień A, Wolańczyk T, Dmitrzak-Węglarz M, Ratajczak J. Perinatal risk factors and ADHD in children and adolescents: a hierarchical structure of disorder predictors. J Atten Disord. 2018;22:855–863.
49. Henriksen L, Wu CS, Secher NJ, Obel C, Juhl M . Medical augmentation of labor and the risk of ADHD in offspring: a population-based study, Pediatrics 2015;135(3):e672–7.
50. Fahimeh Soheilipour, Sareh Shiri, Hamid Reza Ahmadkhaniha, Ebrahim Abdollahi, and Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini-Baharanchi. Risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study in 5 to 12 years old children, Med Pharm Rep. 2020 April, 93(2): 175–180.
51. Wüstner A, Otto C, Schlack R, Hölling H, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U. Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study. PLoS One 2019;14:e0214412.
52. Anderson PJ, De Luca CR, Hutchinson E, Spencer-Smith MM, Roberts G, Doyle LW. Attention problems in a representative sample of extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children. Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36:57–73.
53. Franz AP, Bolat GU, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos IS, Silveira RC. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Very Preterm/Very Low Birth Weight: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2018;141:e20171645.
54. Heinonen K, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Andersson S, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG . Behavioural symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preterm and term children born small and appropriate for gestational age: a longitudinal study. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:91.
55. El Marroun H, Zeegers M, Steegers EA, van der Ende J, Schenk JJ, Hofman A . Post-term birth and the risk of behavioral and emotional problems in early childhood. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:773–781
56. Berger I, Felsenthal-Berger N.Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and birth order. J Child Neurol. 2009 Jun;24(6):692-6. doi: 10.1177/0883073808330763.
57. Sami Noha . Effect of psychosocial Factors on Childhood ADHD (MD thesis) 2006; Faculty of medicine, Ain Shams University, Department of Psychiatry
58. Barakat DM. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors in ADHD in a sample of Egyptian ADHD children (MD thesis); Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Department of Psychiatry
59. Pressman L, Loo S, Carpenter E, Arasnow JR, Lynn D, McCracken JT. Relationship of family environment and parental psychiatric diagnosis to impairment in ADHD. J AM Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (Suppl3): 346–354.
60. Hidalgo-López C, Gómez-Álzate AM, García-Valencia J, Palacio-Ortiz JD . Risk of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Other Psychiatric Disorders in Siblings of ADHD Probands. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed). 2019 Jan-Mar;48(1):44-49. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2017.06.002. Epub 2017 Jul 26. PMID: 30651172.
61. Curran EA, O’Neill SM, Cryan JF, Kenny LC, Dinan TG, Khashan AS . Research review: Birth by caesarean section and development of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:500–508.
62. Curran EA, Cryan JF, Kenny LC, Dinan TG, Kearney PM, Khashan AS .Obstetrical mode of delivery and childhood behavior and psychological development in a British cohort. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46:603–614.
63. Talge NM, Allswede DM, Holzman C . Gestational age at term, delivery circumstance, and their association with childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2016;30:171–180
2. Hanan Azzam : Perceived parenting attitudes in relation to ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviors in a sample of Egyptian children with ADHD, Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2021volume 28, Article number: 18
3. Stephen V. Faraone , Henrik Larsson : Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Molecular Psychiatry .2019; 24:562–575
4. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, j.neubiorev. 2022; doi:10.1016
5. CDC ADHD fact sheet 2022: website :https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/index.html , cited on 1/09/2022
6. Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, Kogan MD, Boyle CA . Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009-2017. Pediatrics 2019 Oct;144(4):e20190811. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-0811. PMID: 31558576; PMCID: PMC7076808.
7. Soad D, EL-Gendy, Eman A, El-Bitar, Mona A, El-Awady, Hanaa E, Bayomy , Eman M, Agwa .Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Prevalence and risk factors in Egyptian primary school children. The Egyptian Journal of Public Health 2017 ; Article 1, Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2017, Page 1-16
8. Zeinab Bishry, Hisham A, Ramy, Mona M, El-Sheikh, Ahmed A, El-Missiry , Marwa A . Risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a sample of Egyptian adolescents: A case-control study, Middle East Current Psychiatry 2013 ; 20(3):131-139, July 2013, DOI:10.1097/01.XME.0000430425.13729.e6
9. Croes EA, El Galta R, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ . Phenotypic subtypes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an isolated population, European Journal of Epidemiology 2005; vol. 20,pp789–794
10. Rickel A, and Brown R . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults, Hogrefe & Huber Publishers 2007;website: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-05952-000
11. Anne Halmøy, Kari Klungsøyr, Rolv Skjærven, Jan Haavik . Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorderو Biological Psychiatry 2016; vol. 71, issue 5, P474-481, March 01, 2012
12. Clements CC, Castro VM, Blumenthal SR, Rosenfield HR, Murphy SN, Fava M. Prenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder but not autism spectrum disorder in a large health system, Mol. Psychiatry 2015 ;20(6):727–34
13. Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, D’Onofrio BM, Almqvist C, Kuja-halkola R, Sjölander A . Maternal age at childbirth and risk for ADHD in offspring: a population-based cohort study, Int. J. Epidemiol. 2014;43(6):1815–24
14. Park S, Cho S-C, Kim J-W, Shin M-S, Yoo H-J, Oh SM . Differential perinatal risk factors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by subtype, Psychiatry Res. 2014; 2;219(3):609–16. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.036
15. Silva D, Colvin L, Hagemann E, Bower C . Environmental risk factors by gender associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2014;133(1):e14–22
16. Biederman J, Petty CR, Bhide PG, Woodworth KY, Faraone S . Does exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the clinical features of ADHD? Results from a controlled study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(1):60–4. doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.562243.
17. Wakschlag LS, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Green SM, Gordon RA, Leventhal BL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(7):670–6.
18. Langley K, Heron J, Smith GD, Thapar A . Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: testing for intrauterine effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(3):261–8.
19. Zhu JL, Olsen J, Liew Z, Li J, Niclasen J, Obel C . Parental smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in children: the Danish national birth cohort, Pediatrics. 2014;134(2):e382–8.
20. Skoglund C, Chen Q, D’Onofrio BM, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H . Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring. J Child Psychol. 2014;55(1):61–8. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12124.
21. Thapar A, Rice F, Hay D, Boivin J, Langley K, van den Bree M . Prenatal smoking might not cause attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from a novel design. Biol Psychiatry 2009;66(8):722–727. pmid:19596120
22. Schlack R, Goebel K, Hoelling H, Petermann F, Romanos M.Predictors of stability of parent report on ADHD lifetime prevalence and incidence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis in the developmental course over six years, Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 2018;66:233–247.
23. Chronis AM, El Galta R, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Ferdinand RF, Leo´ n SL, Rademaker TAM. Phenotypic subtypes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an isolated population, Europe J Epidemiol 2005; 20 (Suppl 9):789–794.
24. Lahey BB. Should the combined and predominantly inattentive types of ADHD be considered distinct and unrelated disorders? Not now, at least.Clin Psychol-Sci Pr 2001; 8:494–497.
25. Sciberras E, Mulraney M, Silva D, Coghill D . Prenatal Risk Factors and the Etiology of ADHD-Review of Existing Evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports 2017; Jan;19(1):1. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0753-2. PMID: 28091799.
26. Langley K, Heron J, Smith GD, Thapar A . Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: testing for intrauterine effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(3):261–8.
27. Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Ji J. Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among individuals with a family history of alcohol use disorders, eLife 2014;3, e02917.
28. Aline Marileen Wiegersma, Christina Dalman, Brian K. Lee, Håkan Karlsson, Renee M. Gardner. Association of Prenatal Maternal Anemia With Neurodevelopmental Disorders, JAMA Psychiatry 2019 Dec; 76(12): 1294–1304.
29. Jasveer Virk,Zeyan Liew,Jørn Olsen,Ellen A Nohr,Janet M Catov , Beate Ritz.Pre-conceptual and prenatal supplementary folic acid and
multivitamin intake, behavioral problems, and hyperkinetic disorders: A study based on the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), Nutritional Neuroscience 2018; Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 352-360
30. Ying Li,Robert Freedman. Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China, Pediatr Investig. 2020; Jun 24;4(2):118-126. doi: 10.1002/ped4.12199
31. Kohlboeck G, Glaser C, Tiesler C, Demmelmair H, Standl M, Romanos M. Effect of fatty acid status in cord blood serum on children’s behavioral difficulties at 10 y of age: Results from the LISAplus Study,American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011;94(6):1592–1599.
32. Jane Pei-Chen Chang.Personalised medicine in child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Focus on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ADHD,Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health,Volume 16,2021,100310.
33. Gould J.F., Treyvaud K., Yelland L.N., Anderson P.J., Smithers L.G., McPhee A.J., Makrides M . Seven-year follow-up of children born to women in a randomized trial of prenatal DHA supplementation. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2017;317:1173–1175. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.21303.
34. United States Environmental Protection Agency.Volatile Organic Compounds’ Impact on Indoor Air Quality 2020; website: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality
35. M. Chang, H. Park, M. Ha, Y.C. Hong, Y.H. Lim, Y. Kim, Y.J. Kim, D. Lee, E.H. Ha .The effect of prenatal TVOC exposure on birth and infantile weight: the Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health study, Pediatr. Res. 2017; pp. 423-428, 10.1038/pr.2017.55
36. U. Franck, A. Weller, S.W. Röder, G. Herberth, K.M. Junge, T. Kohajda, M. von Bergen, U. Rolle-Kampczyk, U. Diez, M. Borte, I. Lehmann .Prenatal VOC exposure and redecoration are related to wheezing in early infancy, Environ. Int. 2014; 73, pp. 393-401, 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.013
37. C. Till, G. Koren, J.F. Rovet.Prenatal exposure to organic solvents and child neurobehavioral performance,Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2001; 23, pp. 235-245, 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00141-6
38. M. Guxens, I. Aguilera, F. Ballester, M. Estarlich, A. Fernández-Somoano, A. Lertxundi, N. Lertxundi, M.A. Mendez, A. Tardón, M. Vrijheid, J. Sunyer . Prenatal exposure to residential air pollution and infant mental development: modulation by antioxidants and detoxification factors,Environ., Health Perspect 2012; 120, pp. 144-149, 10.1289/ehp.1103469
39. Hiroko Nakaoka, Aya Hisada, Daisuke Matsuzawa, Midori Yamamoto, Chisato Mori, Michihiro Kamijima, Shin Yamazaki, Yukihiro Ohya, Reiko Kishi, Nobuo Yaegashi, Koichi Hashimoto, Chisato Mori, Shuichi Ito, Zentaro Yamagata, Hidekuni Inadera, Takeo Nakayama, Hiroyasu Iso, Masayuki Shima, Youichi Kurozawa, Narufumi Suganuma, Koichi Kusuhara, Takahiko Katoh . Associations between prenatal exposure to volatile organic compounds and neurodevelopment in 12-month-old children. The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Science of The Total Environment 2021;Volume 794,2021,148643,ISSN 0048-9697.
40. Giehae Choi, Alexander P. Keil, David B. Richardson, Julie L. Daniels, Kate Hoffman, Gro D. Villanger, Amrit K. Sakhi, Cathrine Thomsen, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud, Heidi Aase, Stephanie M. Engel. Pregnancy exposure to organophosphate esters and the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study,Environment International 2021;Volume 154,2021,106549,ISSN 0160-4120.
41. Kemp A . Food additives and hyperactivity, BMJ, 2008 May 24;336(7654):1144. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39582.375336.BE. PMID: 18497374; PMCID: PMC2394588.
42. Cecil CA, Walton E, Barker ED. Prenatal diet and childhood ADHD: exploring the potential role of IGF2 methylation, Epigenomics, 2016 Dec;8(12):1573-1576. doi: 10.2217/epi-2016-0131, Epub 2016 Nov 18. PMID: 27855496.
43. Harris MN, Voigt RG, Barbaresi WJ, Voge GA, Killian JM, Weaver AL. ADHD and learning disabilities in former late preterm infants: a population-based birth cohort. Pediatrics 2013;132(3):e630–6.
44. Clements CC, Castro VM, Blumenthal SR, Rosenfield HR, Murphy SN, Fava M . Prenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder but not autism spectrum disorder in a large health system. Mol Psychiatry 2015;20(6):727–34. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.90.
45. Getahun D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K, Lu SE, Quinn VP, Fassett MJ.In utero exposure to ischemic-hypoxic conditions and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2013;131(1):e53–61.
46. Tole F, Kopf J, Schröter K, Palladino VS, Jacob CP, Reif A (2019): The role of pre-, peri-, and postnatal risk factors in bipolar disorder and adult ADHD. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019;126:1117–1126.
47. Wüstner A, Otto C, Schlack R, Hölling H, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U. Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0214412.
48. Hanć T, Szwed A, Słopień A, Wolańczyk T, Dmitrzak-Węglarz M, Ratajczak J. Perinatal risk factors and ADHD in children and adolescents: a hierarchical structure of disorder predictors. J Atten Disord. 2018;22:855–863.
49. Henriksen L, Wu CS, Secher NJ, Obel C, Juhl M . Medical augmentation of labor and the risk of ADHD in offspring: a population-based study, Pediatrics 2015;135(3):e672–7.
50. Fahimeh Soheilipour, Sareh Shiri, Hamid Reza Ahmadkhaniha, Ebrahim Abdollahi, and Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini-Baharanchi. Risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study in 5 to 12 years old children, Med Pharm Rep. 2020 April, 93(2): 175–180.
51. Wüstner A, Otto C, Schlack R, Hölling H, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U. Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study. PLoS One 2019;14:e0214412.
52. Anderson PJ, De Luca CR, Hutchinson E, Spencer-Smith MM, Roberts G, Doyle LW. Attention problems in a representative sample of extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children. Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36:57–73.
53. Franz AP, Bolat GU, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos IS, Silveira RC. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Very Preterm/Very Low Birth Weight: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2018;141:e20171645.
54. Heinonen K, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Andersson S, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG . Behavioural symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preterm and term children born small and appropriate for gestational age: a longitudinal study. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:91.
55. El Marroun H, Zeegers M, Steegers EA, van der Ende J, Schenk JJ, Hofman A . Post-term birth and the risk of behavioral and emotional problems in early childhood. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:773–781
56. Berger I, Felsenthal-Berger N.Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and birth order. J Child Neurol. 2009 Jun;24(6):692-6. doi: 10.1177/0883073808330763.
57. Sami Noha . Effect of psychosocial Factors on Childhood ADHD (MD thesis) 2006; Faculty of medicine, Ain Shams University, Department of Psychiatry
58. Barakat DM. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors in ADHD in a sample of Egyptian ADHD children (MD thesis); Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Department of Psychiatry
59. Pressman L, Loo S, Carpenter E, Arasnow JR, Lynn D, McCracken JT. Relationship of family environment and parental psychiatric diagnosis to impairment in ADHD. J AM Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (Suppl3): 346–354.
60. Hidalgo-López C, Gómez-Álzate AM, García-Valencia J, Palacio-Ortiz JD . Risk of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Other Psychiatric Disorders in Siblings of ADHD Probands. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed). 2019 Jan-Mar;48(1):44-49. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2017.06.002. Epub 2017 Jul 26. PMID: 30651172.
61. Curran EA, O’Neill SM, Cryan JF, Kenny LC, Dinan TG, Khashan AS . Research review: Birth by caesarean section and development of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:500–508.
62. Curran EA, Cryan JF, Kenny LC, Dinan TG, Kearney PM, Khashan AS .Obstetrical mode of delivery and childhood behavior and psychological development in a British cohort. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46:603–614.
63. Talge NM, Allswede DM, Holzman C . Gestational age at term, delivery circumstance, and their association with childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2016;30:171–180
Article Sidebar
Published
Apr 15, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Amir Soliman, Safy Eldin Mahmoud AboAli, Dania Abdelhady Mohammed, Ahmed E. Sarhan, Mohamed Elsheikh, Asmaa M. Al-Emrany, & Omnia Saeed Mahmoud Ahmed. (2023). Risk and Protective Factors for ADHD in Damietta, Egypt. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(7), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.07.034
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.