Biochemical Assessment of Iron Overload Effect on Human Organs (Liver, Heart, Brain) In Patients with Beta-Thalassemia Major and Thalassemia Intermediate
Main Article Content
Keywords
Iron overload, Organs dysfunctions, liver, heart, brain, thalassemia
Abstract
Back ground: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of over iron on the functions of some organs in the body (liver, heart, and brain) in patients with hemoglobinopathies (thalassemia major and thalassemia intermediate).
Material and Method: This was a case-control study included 136 participants (105 patients and 31 controls). The patients were divided into two subgroups: 89 beta-thalassemia major, and 16 beta-thalassemia intermediate, who was visited the center of genetic blood diseases, Nasiriya, Thi Qar -Iraq. The level of iron, ferritin, ALT, AST, albumin, high sensitive troponin, myoglobin, CK-MB and CK-BB was measured by standard methods.
Result: The study was revealed, a significant increase in serum iron and ferritin levels in the patient's group when compared with the control. It was concluded that the toxic effect of high levels of iron might lead to tissues damage and hence to organs dysfunction.
Conclusion: It has been proven that when iron rises in the plasma of patient; it causes damage in the function of these organs (liver, heart, and brain), due to iron over load.
References
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20. Wahidiyat, P. A., Iskandar, S. D., Rahmartani, L. D., & Sekarsari, D. (2018). Liver iron overload and hepatic function in children with thalassemia major. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 58(5), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi58.5.2018.233-7
21. Walker, J. M. (2002). The heart in thalassaemia. European Heart Journal, 23(2), 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2001.2850
22. Wood, J. C., Origa, R., Agus, A., Matta, G., Coates, T. D., & Galanello, R. (2008). Onset of cardiac iron loading in pediatric patients with thalassemia major. Haematologica, 93(6), 917–920. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.12513
2. Al-Moshary, M., Imtiaz, N., Al-Mussaed, E., Khan, A., Ahmad, S., & Albqami, S. (2020). Clinical and Biochemical Assessment of Liver Function Test and Its Correlation with Serum Ferritin Levels in Transfusion-dependent Thalassemia Patients. Cureus, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7574
3. Aronow, W. S. (2018). State of the art paper Management of cardiac hemochromatosis. Arch Med Sci, 14, 560–568. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2017.68729
4. Badawi, M. A., Adam, S., Ghoneim, A., Jamjoom, A., Sahly, A., Almasoudi, T., Zaher, G., & Hindawi, S. (2019). Clinical Complications of Hemoglobinopathies in Western Saudi Arabia and the Need for Specialized Care Centers. Journal of King Abdulaziz University - Medical Sciences, 26(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.4197/med.26-1.5
5. Faruqi, A., Amjad, S., Sami, A., Hassan, S., & Zia, Q.-A. (2015). Electrocardiographic Changes in Thalassemia Major Patients and their Association with Serum Ferritin Levels. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College (JRMC), 19(3), 185–188.
6. Ferreira, A., Neves, P., & Gozzelino, R. (2019). Multilevel impacts of iron in the brain: The cross talk between neurophysiological mechanisms, cognition, and social behavior. Pharmaceuticals, 12(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12030126
7. Heris, H. K., Nejati, B., Rezazadeh, K., Sate, H., Dolatkhah, R., Ghoreishi, Z., & Esfahani, A.
(2021). Evaluation of iron overload by cardiac and liver T2∗ in β-thalassemia: Correlation with serum ferritin, heart function and liver enzymes. Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research, 13(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.34172/jcvtr.2021.18
8. Ismail, N. A., Habib, S. A., Talaat, A. A., Mostafa, N. O., & Elghoroury, E. A. (2019). The relation between serum Hepcidin, Ferritin, Hepcidin: Ferritin ratio, hydroxyurea and splenectomy in children with β-thalassemia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(15), 2434–2439. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.636
9. Kasarala, G., & Tillmann, H. L. (2016). Standard liver tests. Clinical Liver Disease, 8(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/cld.562
10. Kohgo, Y., Ikuta, K., Ohtake, T., Torimoto, Y., & Kato, J. (2008). Body iron metabolism and pathophysiology of iron overload. International Journal of Hematology, 88(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-008-0120-5
11. Mathematics, A. (2016). 済無No Title No Title No Title. 1–23.
12. Mishra, A. K., & Tiwari, A. (2013). Iron overload in Beta thalassaemia major and intermedia patients. Maedica, 8(4), 328–332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24790662%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3968466
13. Riaz, H., Riaz, T., Khan, M., Aziz, S., Ullah, F., Rehman, A., Zafar, Q., & Kazi, A. (2011). Serum ferritin levels, socio-demographic factors and desferrioxamine therapy in multi-transfused thalassemia major patients at a government tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Research Notes, 4, 0–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-287
14. Salama, K. M., Ibrahim, O. M., Kaddah, A. M., Boseila, S., Ismail, L. A., & Abdel Hamid, M. M. (2015). Liver enzymes in children with beta-Thalassemia major: Correlation with iron overload and viral hepatitis. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(2), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.059
15. Sewwandi Karunaratna, A. M. D., Ranasingha, J. S., & Mudiyanse, R. M. (2017). Iron overload in beta thalassemia major patients. International Journal of Blood Transfusion andImmunohematology, 7(January), 33. https://doi.org/10.5348/ijbti-2017-32-oa-5
16. Shah, R., Trehan, A., Das, R., & Marwaha, R. K. (2014). Serum Ferritin in Thalassemia Intermedia. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 30(4), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12288-013-0267-y
17. Shahramian, I., Noori, N. M., Teimouri, A., Akhlaghi, E., & Sharafi, E. (2015). The Correlation between Serum Level of Leptin and Troponin in Children with Major Beta-Thalassemia. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 5(1), 11–17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914798%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4402152
18. Shodikin, M. A., Suwarniaty, R., & Nugroho, S. (2016). Correlation between Serum Ferritin and Cardiac Troponin I in Major Beta Thalassemia Children. Journal of Tropical Life Science, 6(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.06.01.03
19. Terzi, Y. K., Balcı, T. B., Boğa, C., Koç, Z., Çelik, Z. Y., Özdoğu, H., Karakuş, S., & Şahin, F. İ. (2016). Effect of hereditary hemochromatosis gene H63D and C282Y mutations on iron overload in sickle cell disease patients. Turkish Journal of Hematology, 33(4), 320–325. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjh.2015.0254
20. Wahidiyat, P. A., Iskandar, S. D., Rahmartani, L. D., & Sekarsari, D. (2018). Liver iron overload and hepatic function in children with thalassemia major. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 58(5), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi58.5.2018.233-7
21. Walker, J. M. (2002). The heart in thalassaemia. European Heart Journal, 23(2), 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2001.2850
22. Wood, J. C., Origa, R., Agus, A., Matta, G., Coates, T. D., & Galanello, R. (2008). Onset of cardiac iron loading in pediatric patients with thalassemia major. Haematologica, 93(6), 917–920. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.12513
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Published
Apr 12, 2023
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Ahmed Jasim M. Almuttrek, Ali Karaipekli, Hamid Jaddoa Abbas, & Waqar sabeeh jihad. (2023). Biochemical Assessment of Iron Overload Effect on Human Organs (Liver, Heart, Brain) In Patients with Beta-Thalassemia Major and Thalassemia Intermediate. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(6), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.06.048
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