A literature review on moisture resistant pit and fissure sealants
Main Article Content
Keywords
Moisture tolerant sealant, Thixotropic, Caries, Children, Fluoride release
Abstract
Preventive approaches in dentistry have focused on the factors to prevent the initiation of caries and to arrest them in case of incipient or early caries lesion. The most common preventive approaches include inhouse and professionally applied topical fluorides and resin based pit and fissure sealants. Due to the anatomy of the tooth, the deep pits and fissures act as retentive sites to plaque, food materials, micro-organisms, eventually becoming caries susceptible as compared to smooth surfaces. Evidence has shown, that application of sealants to such sites being the most effective measure. This procedure is minimally invasive as the sealant material bonds micro-mechanically to the tooth surface, acting as a barrier. Sealant adhesion is the major factor to be considered with the use of conventional sealants. Conventional hydrophobic sealants are moisture sensitive, hence they require a dry enamel surface while sealant placement. To overcome this drawback, moisture friendly or hydrophilic sealants were introduced in to dental market. Hydrophilic sealants are water miscible, have fluoride releasing properties, are thixotropic in nature, thus allowing the material to flow onto the etched enamel and thus creating a better retention due to the stronger bond. This scientific paper reviews the literature and elaborates the significance of pit and fissure sealants and exclusively discusses about the newly developed hydrophilic or moisture tolerant pit and fissure sealants.
References
1. Papageorgiou SN, Dimitraki D, Kotsanos N, Bekes K, van Waes H. Performance of pit and fissure sealants according to tooth characteristics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2017;66:8–17.
2. Naaman R, El-Housseiny AA, Alamoudi N. The use of pit and fissure sealants—A literature review. Dentistry journal [Internet]. 2017; Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/5/4/34
3. Nørrisgaard PE, Qvist V, Ekstrand K. Prevalence, risk surfaces and inter-municipality variations in caries experience in Danish children and adolescents in 2012. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(4):291–7.
4. Ekstrand KR, Kuzmina I, Bjørndal L, Thylstrup A. Relationship between external and histologic features of progressive stages of caries in the occlusal fossa. Caries Res. 1995;29(4):243–50.
5. Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 1986 Dec;50(4):353–80.
6. Simonsen RJ. Clinical applications of the acid etch technique. Quintessence Publishing; 1978. 136 p.
7. Khatri SG, Madan KA, Srinivasan SR, Acharya S. Retention of moisture-tolerant fluoride-releasing sealant and amorphous calcium phosphate-containing sealant in 6-9-year-old children: A randomized controlled trial. J Indian Soc PedodPrev Dent. 2019 Jan;37(1):92–8.
8. Mohanraj M, Prabhu R, Thomas E, Kumar S. Comparative Evaluation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Resin-based Sealants: A Clinical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019 Jul 1;20(7):812–7.
9. Klein H, Knutson JW. XIII. Effect of Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate on Caries in the First Permanent Molar. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1942 Aug 1;29(11):1420–6.
10. BODECKER, C. F. Enamel fissure eradication. N Y State Dent J. 1964;30:149–54.
11. Hyatt TP. Prophylactic Odontotomy: The Cutting into the Tooth for the Prevention of Disease. Dent Regist. 1923 May;77(5):196–228.
12. Buonocore MG. A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces. J Dent Res. 1955 Dec;34(6):849–53.
13. Cueto EI, Buonocore MG. Sealing of pits and fissures with an adhesive resin: its use in caries prevention. J Am Dent Assoc. 1967 Jul;75(1):121–8.
14. Hughes C, Dean JA. McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 2016;
15. Bekes K. Pit and Fissure Sealants. Springer; 2018. 179 p.
16. Rock WP, Potts AJ, Marchment MD, Clayton-Smith AJ, Galuszka MA. The visibility of clear and opaque fissure sealants. Br Dent J. 1989;167(11):395–6.
17. Initiative IOHSG, Others. Pit and fissure sealants evidence-based guidance on the use of sealants for the prevention and management of pit and fissure caries. 2010; Available from: https://www.lenus.ie/bitstream/handle/10147/113084/FSGuidelineOnlineFinalV2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
18. Cvikl B, Moritz A, Bekes K. Pit and Fissure Sealants—A Comprehensive Review. Dentistry Journal. 2018 Jun 12;6(2):18.
19. Smallridge J. Management of the stained fissure in the first permanent molar. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001 Dec 25;10(1):79–83.
20. Simonsen RJ. Glass ionomer as fissure sealant--a critical review. J Public Health Dent. 1996;56(3 Spec):146–9; discussion 161–3.
21. Markovic DL, Petrovic BB, Peric TO. Fluoride content and recharge ability of five glassionomer dental materials. BMC Oral Health. 2008 Jul 28;8:21.
22. Consensus development conference statement on dental sealants in the prevention of tooth decay. National Institutes of Health. J Am Dent Assoc. 1984 Feb;108(2):233–6.
23. Antonson SA, Antonson DE, Brener S, Crutchfield J, Larumbe J, Michaud C, et al. Twenty-four month clinical evaluation of fissure sealants on partially erupted permanent first molars: glass ionomer versus resin-based sealant. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012 Feb;143(2):115–22.
24. Puppin-Rontani RM, Baglioni-Gouvea ME, deGoes MF, Garcia-Godoy F. Compomer as a pit and fissure sealant: effectiveness and retention after 24 months. J Dent Child . 2006 Jan;73(1):31–6.
25. Tellez M, Gray SL, Gray S, Lim S, Ismail AI. Sealants and dental caries: dentists’ perspectives on evidence-based recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 Sep;142(9):1033–40.
26. Mathew RA, Others. Pit and Fissure Sealants: A Recent Advancement. International Journal of Oral Care and Research. 2016;284–7.
27. Strassler HE, O’Donnell JP. A unique moisture tolerant resin based pit and fissure sealant. Oral Health. 2008;98(12):20.
28. Murnseer C, Rosentritt M, Behr M, Handel G. Three-body wear of fissure sealants. J Dent Res. 2007;86:417.
29. Kane B, Karren J, Garcia-Godoy C, Garcia-Godoy F. Sealant adaptation and penetration into occlusal fissures. Am J Dent. 2009 Apr;22(2):89–91.
30. Naorungroj S, Wei H-H, Arnold RR, Swift EJ Jr, Walter R. Antibacterial surface properties of fluoride-containing resin-based sealants. J Dent. 2010 May;38(5):387–91.
31. Panigrahi A, Srilatha KT, Panigrahi RG, Mohanty S, Bhuyan SK, Bardhan D. Microtensile Bond Strength of Embrace Wetbond Hydrophilic Sealant in Different Moisture Contamination: An In-Vitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jul;9(7):ZC23–5.
32. Zmener O, Pameijer CH. Bacterial microleakage of a bioactive pit &fissure sealant. Am J Dent. 2019 Oct;32(5):219–22. 33. Güçlü ZA, Dönmez N, Hurt AP, Coleman NJ. Characterisation and microleakage of a new hydrophilic fissure sealant - UltraSeal XT® hydroTM [Internet]. Vol. 24, Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2016. p. 344–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720160010
34. Brinker SP. Preventing carious lesions. Clinical steps for applying a newly introduced hydrophilic sealant. Dent Today. 2013 Oct;32(10):82–3.
35. Mohapatra S, Prabakar J, Indiran MA, Kumar RP, Sakthi DS. Comparison and Evaluation of the Retention, Cariostatic Effect, and Discoloration of Conventional Clinpro 3M ESPE and Hydrophilic Ultraseal XT Hydro among 12-15-year-old Schoolchildren for a Period of 6 Months: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Nov;13(6):688–93.
36. Veneri F, Bardellini E, Amadori F, Gobbi E, Belotti R, Majorana A. Antibacterial activity of new hydrophilic sealants: In vitro study. J Indian Soc PedodPrev Dent. 2020 Oct;38(4):387–92.
37. Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR. The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis. Am J Dent. 2009 Feb;22(1):3–8.
38. Ahovuo‐Saloranta A, Forss H, Walsh T. Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2017; Available from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001830.pub5/abstract
39. Liu BY, Lo ECM, Chu CH, Lin HC. Randomized trial on fluorides and sealants for fissure caries prevention. J Dent Res. 2012 Aug;91(8):753–8.
40. Bravo M, Montero J, Bravo JJ, Baca P, Llodra JC. Sealant and fluoride varnish in caries: a randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2005 Dec;84(12):1138–43.
41. Baheti AS, Bhayya DP, Gupta S, Kumar P, Shyagali TR. Assessment of Clinical Success of Three Sealants: Embrace-Wetbond, Clinpro, and Helioseal-F in Permanent Molars: An In Vivo Study. Pediatr Dent. 2020;3(1):7–13.
42. Haricharan PB, Barad N, Patil CR, Voruganti S, Mudrakola DP, Turagam N. Dawn of a New Age Fissure Sealant? A Study Evaluating the Clinical Performance of Embrace WetBond and ART Sealants: Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Eur J Dent. 2019 Oct;13(4):503–9.
43. Muntean A, Sarosi C, Sava S, Moldovan M, Condurache AI, Delean AG. Dental Sealant Composition-Retention Assessment in Young Permanent Molars. Materials [Internet]. 2021 Mar 27;14(7). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071646
44. Cannon ML, Comisi JC. Bioactive and therapeutic preventive approach to dental pit and fissure sealants. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013 Sep;34(8):642–5.
45. Cochrane NJ, Cai F, Huq NL, Burrow MF, Reynolds EC. New approaches to enhanced remineralization of tooth enamel. J Dent Res. 2010 Nov;89(11):1187–97.
46. Cannon M, Vieira AEM, Danelon M, Others. Effect of Ions Released From Sealants on Demineralization of Enamel. Dent Mater. 2007;
2. Naaman R, El-Housseiny AA, Alamoudi N. The use of pit and fissure sealants—A literature review. Dentistry journal [Internet]. 2017; Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/5/4/34
3. Nørrisgaard PE, Qvist V, Ekstrand K. Prevalence, risk surfaces and inter-municipality variations in caries experience in Danish children and adolescents in 2012. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(4):291–7.
4. Ekstrand KR, Kuzmina I, Bjørndal L, Thylstrup A. Relationship between external and histologic features of progressive stages of caries in the occlusal fossa. Caries Res. 1995;29(4):243–50.
5. Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 1986 Dec;50(4):353–80.
6. Simonsen RJ. Clinical applications of the acid etch technique. Quintessence Publishing; 1978. 136 p.
7. Khatri SG, Madan KA, Srinivasan SR, Acharya S. Retention of moisture-tolerant fluoride-releasing sealant and amorphous calcium phosphate-containing sealant in 6-9-year-old children: A randomized controlled trial. J Indian Soc PedodPrev Dent. 2019 Jan;37(1):92–8.
8. Mohanraj M, Prabhu R, Thomas E, Kumar S. Comparative Evaluation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Resin-based Sealants: A Clinical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019 Jul 1;20(7):812–7.
9. Klein H, Knutson JW. XIII. Effect of Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate on Caries in the First Permanent Molar. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1942 Aug 1;29(11):1420–6.
10. BODECKER, C. F. Enamel fissure eradication. N Y State Dent J. 1964;30:149–54.
11. Hyatt TP. Prophylactic Odontotomy: The Cutting into the Tooth for the Prevention of Disease. Dent Regist. 1923 May;77(5):196–228.
12. Buonocore MG. A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces. J Dent Res. 1955 Dec;34(6):849–53.
13. Cueto EI, Buonocore MG. Sealing of pits and fissures with an adhesive resin: its use in caries prevention. J Am Dent Assoc. 1967 Jul;75(1):121–8.
14. Hughes C, Dean JA. McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 2016;
15. Bekes K. Pit and Fissure Sealants. Springer; 2018. 179 p.
16. Rock WP, Potts AJ, Marchment MD, Clayton-Smith AJ, Galuszka MA. The visibility of clear and opaque fissure sealants. Br Dent J. 1989;167(11):395–6.
17. Initiative IOHSG, Others. Pit and fissure sealants evidence-based guidance on the use of sealants for the prevention and management of pit and fissure caries. 2010; Available from: https://www.lenus.ie/bitstream/handle/10147/113084/FSGuidelineOnlineFinalV2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
18. Cvikl B, Moritz A, Bekes K. Pit and Fissure Sealants—A Comprehensive Review. Dentistry Journal. 2018 Jun 12;6(2):18.
19. Smallridge J. Management of the stained fissure in the first permanent molar. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001 Dec 25;10(1):79–83.
20. Simonsen RJ. Glass ionomer as fissure sealant--a critical review. J Public Health Dent. 1996;56(3 Spec):146–9; discussion 161–3.
21. Markovic DL, Petrovic BB, Peric TO. Fluoride content and recharge ability of five glassionomer dental materials. BMC Oral Health. 2008 Jul 28;8:21.
22. Consensus development conference statement on dental sealants in the prevention of tooth decay. National Institutes of Health. J Am Dent Assoc. 1984 Feb;108(2):233–6.
23. Antonson SA, Antonson DE, Brener S, Crutchfield J, Larumbe J, Michaud C, et al. Twenty-four month clinical evaluation of fissure sealants on partially erupted permanent first molars: glass ionomer versus resin-based sealant. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012 Feb;143(2):115–22.
24. Puppin-Rontani RM, Baglioni-Gouvea ME, deGoes MF, Garcia-Godoy F. Compomer as a pit and fissure sealant: effectiveness and retention after 24 months. J Dent Child . 2006 Jan;73(1):31–6.
25. Tellez M, Gray SL, Gray S, Lim S, Ismail AI. Sealants and dental caries: dentists’ perspectives on evidence-based recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 Sep;142(9):1033–40.
26. Mathew RA, Others. Pit and Fissure Sealants: A Recent Advancement. International Journal of Oral Care and Research. 2016;284–7.
27. Strassler HE, O’Donnell JP. A unique moisture tolerant resin based pit and fissure sealant. Oral Health. 2008;98(12):20.
28. Murnseer C, Rosentritt M, Behr M, Handel G. Three-body wear of fissure sealants. J Dent Res. 2007;86:417.
29. Kane B, Karren J, Garcia-Godoy C, Garcia-Godoy F. Sealant adaptation and penetration into occlusal fissures. Am J Dent. 2009 Apr;22(2):89–91.
30. Naorungroj S, Wei H-H, Arnold RR, Swift EJ Jr, Walter R. Antibacterial surface properties of fluoride-containing resin-based sealants. J Dent. 2010 May;38(5):387–91.
31. Panigrahi A, Srilatha KT, Panigrahi RG, Mohanty S, Bhuyan SK, Bardhan D. Microtensile Bond Strength of Embrace Wetbond Hydrophilic Sealant in Different Moisture Contamination: An In-Vitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jul;9(7):ZC23–5.
32. Zmener O, Pameijer CH. Bacterial microleakage of a bioactive pit &fissure sealant. Am J Dent. 2019 Oct;32(5):219–22. 33. Güçlü ZA, Dönmez N, Hurt AP, Coleman NJ. Characterisation and microleakage of a new hydrophilic fissure sealant - UltraSeal XT® hydroTM [Internet]. Vol. 24, Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2016. p. 344–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720160010
34. Brinker SP. Preventing carious lesions. Clinical steps for applying a newly introduced hydrophilic sealant. Dent Today. 2013 Oct;32(10):82–3.
35. Mohapatra S, Prabakar J, Indiran MA, Kumar RP, Sakthi DS. Comparison and Evaluation of the Retention, Cariostatic Effect, and Discoloration of Conventional Clinpro 3M ESPE and Hydrophilic Ultraseal XT Hydro among 12-15-year-old Schoolchildren for a Period of 6 Months: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Nov;13(6):688–93.
36. Veneri F, Bardellini E, Amadori F, Gobbi E, Belotti R, Majorana A. Antibacterial activity of new hydrophilic sealants: In vitro study. J Indian Soc PedodPrev Dent. 2020 Oct;38(4):387–92.
37. Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR. The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis. Am J Dent. 2009 Feb;22(1):3–8.
38. Ahovuo‐Saloranta A, Forss H, Walsh T. Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2017; Available from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001830.pub5/abstract
39. Liu BY, Lo ECM, Chu CH, Lin HC. Randomized trial on fluorides and sealants for fissure caries prevention. J Dent Res. 2012 Aug;91(8):753–8.
40. Bravo M, Montero J, Bravo JJ, Baca P, Llodra JC. Sealant and fluoride varnish in caries: a randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2005 Dec;84(12):1138–43.
41. Baheti AS, Bhayya DP, Gupta S, Kumar P, Shyagali TR. Assessment of Clinical Success of Three Sealants: Embrace-Wetbond, Clinpro, and Helioseal-F in Permanent Molars: An In Vivo Study. Pediatr Dent. 2020;3(1):7–13.
42. Haricharan PB, Barad N, Patil CR, Voruganti S, Mudrakola DP, Turagam N. Dawn of a New Age Fissure Sealant? A Study Evaluating the Clinical Performance of Embrace WetBond and ART Sealants: Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Eur J Dent. 2019 Oct;13(4):503–9.
43. Muntean A, Sarosi C, Sava S, Moldovan M, Condurache AI, Delean AG. Dental Sealant Composition-Retention Assessment in Young Permanent Molars. Materials [Internet]. 2021 Mar 27;14(7). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071646
44. Cannon ML, Comisi JC. Bioactive and therapeutic preventive approach to dental pit and fissure sealants. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013 Sep;34(8):642–5.
45. Cochrane NJ, Cai F, Huq NL, Burrow MF, Reynolds EC. New approaches to enhanced remineralization of tooth enamel. J Dent Res. 2010 Nov;89(11):1187–97.
46. Cannon M, Vieira AEM, Danelon M, Others. Effect of Ions Released From Sealants on Demineralization of Enamel. Dent Mater. 2007;
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Apr 11, 2023
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Jayashri Prabakar, Ganesh.J, & Manali Deb Barma. (2023). A literature review on moisture resistant pit and fissure sealants. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(6), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.06.007
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