Salivary oxidative stress level among tobacco chewers and smokers- A comparative Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
saliva, antioxidant stress, CAT, MDA, smokers, tobacco chewers
Abstract
Background: Tobacco in both smoke and smokeless forms contains various toxic contents which produce oxygen free radicals causing damage to the oral tissues. Since saliva encounters tobacco in both the forms it has antioxidant defence system and also can serve as a biomarker for oral diseases. Thus, this study aims to evaluate and compare the salivary SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and MDA levels among smokers and smokeless tobacco users.
Materials and Methods: Unstimulated saliva from 240 males who visited tobacco cessation clinics for the first time was collected. Standard protocol was followed to collect saliva and assess salivary antioxidants levels from each 80 participants with habit of smoking, smokeless tobacco uses and both. The collected data was statistically analysed.
Results: The mean salivary SOD and MDA levels were significantly high among the participants with the habit of smoking and chewing, followed by chewing and smoking respectively (p<0.05). There was significant high reduction in the GSH-Px and CAT in participants with both the habits compared to chewing and smoking alone (p<0.05). Pairwise comparisons also showed a significant difference in the mean salivary oxidative stress.
Conclusion: Both smoking and smokeless tobacco modifies salivary antioxidant activity. The estimation of salivary oxidative stress can serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for oral tissue damage and dysplasia. However, an awareness of an increase in the salivary oxidative stress needs to be directed to reduce the disease burden in near future.
References
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19. Vijayakumar Jain S, Muthusekhar MR, Baig MF, Senthilnathan P, Loganathan S, Abdul Wahab PU, et al. Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Following Isolated Lefort One Osteotomy for the Correction of Vertical Maxillary Excess: A Prospective Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2019;18(1):139–46.
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21. Eapen BV, Baig MF, Avinash S. An Assessment of the Incidence of Prolonged Postoperative Bleeding After Dental Extraction Among Patients on Uninterrupted Low Dose Aspirin Therapy and to Evaluate the Need to Stop Such Medication Prior to Dental Extractions. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017;16(1):48–52.
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23. Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, et al. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res 2019;80(6):714–30.
24. Abdul Wahab PU, Senthil Nathan P, Madhulaxmi M, Muthusekhar MR, Loong SC, Abhinav RP. Risk Factors for Post-operative Infection Following Single Piece Osteotomy. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017;16(3):328–32.
25. Thanikodi S, Singaravelu D Kumar, Devarajan C, Venkatraman V, Rathinavelu V. Teaching learning optimization and neural network for the effective prediction of heat transfer rates in tube heat exchangers. Therm Sci 2020;24(1 Part B):575–81.
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28. Manickam A, Devarasan E, Manogaran G, Priyan MK, Varatharajan R, Hsu C-H, et al. Score level based latent fingerprint enhancement and matching using SIFT feature. Multimed Tools Appl 2019;78(3):3065–85.
29. Ravindiran M, Praveenkumar C. Status review and the future prospects of CZTS based solar cell – A novel approach on the device structure and material modeling for CZTS based photovoltaic device. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2018;94:317–29.
30. Bhattarai KR, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Compliance with Saliva Collection Protocol in Healthy Volunteers: Strategies for Managing Risk and Errors. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(8):823-831.
31. Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem.1972;247:3170e3175
32. Wendel, A. (1980) Enzymatic Basis of Detoxication, Volume 1, p. 333, Academic Press, NY
33. Stalnaya ID, Garishvili TG. Method for determination of malondialdehyde using thiobarbituric acid. Modern methods in biochemistry. Moscow: Medicine. 1977:66-8
34. Pignatelli P, Menichelli D, Pastori D, Violi F. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: new insights. Kardiol Pol. 2018; 76(4):713-722
35. Gruber J, Halliwell B. Approaches for extending human healthspan: from antioxidants to healthspan pharmacology. Essays Biochem. 2017;61:389-399.
36. Puca AA, Carrizzo A, Villa F, Ferrario A, Casaburo M, Maciąg A, Vecchione C. Vascular ageing: the role of oxidative stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45:556-9.
37. Helfinger V, Schröder K. Redox control in cancer development and progression. Mol Aspects Med. 2018;63:88-98.
38. Jenifer HD, Bhola S, Kalburgi V, Warad S, Kokatnur VM. The influence of cigarette smoking on blood and salivary superoxide dismutase enzyme levels among smokers and nonsmokers-A cross sectional study. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015 Jan 9;5(2):100-5.
39. Saggu TK, Masthan KMK, Dudanakar MP, UI Nisa S, Patil S. Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidant Enzymes amongSmokers and Nonsmokers. World Journal of Dentistry, January-March 2012;3(1):18-21
40. Tarboush NA, Al Masoodi O, Al Bdour S, Sawair F, Hassona Y. Antioxidant capacity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in saliva of khat-chewing patients: a case-control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019 Jan;127(1):49-54.
41. Singh S, Sharma M, Rohilla N, Salgotra V, Kumar V, Sharma RK. Assessment of Salivary Catalase, a-Amylase, and Cotinine Levels in Chronic Smokers: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 Mar 1;19(3):253-256
42. óthová L, Celec P. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Periodontitis. Front Physiol. 2017;14(8):1055.
43. Kumar J, Teoh SL, Das S, Mahakknaukrauh P. Oxidative Stress in Oral Diseases:Understanding Its Relation with Other Systemic Diseases. Front Physiol. 2017;8:693.
44. Choudhari SK, Chaudhary M, Gadbail AR, Sharma A, Tekade S. Oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms in oral cancer and precancer: a review. Oral Oncol. 2014;50:10-8.
45. Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Colombo R, Giustarini D, Milzani A. Biomarkers of oxidative damage in human disease. Clin Chem 2006;52:601–23.
46. Hassona Y, Scully C. Salivary changes in oral mucosal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70:111-127
2. John RM, Sinha P, Munish VG, Tullu FT. Economic Costs of Diseases and Deaths Attributable to Tobacco Use in India, 2017-2018. Nicotine Tob Res. 2021 Jan 22;23(2):294-301.
3. Sinha DN, Palipudi KM, Gupta PC, et al. Smokeless tobacco use: a meta-analysis of risk and attributable mortality estimates for India. Indian J Cancer. 2014;51 Suppl 1:S73-77.
4. Talhout R, Schulz T, Florek E, Benthem JV, Wester P, Opperhuizen A. Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 613-628.
5. Picciotto MR, Kenny PJ. Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021 May 3;11(5):a039610.
6. Calarco CA, Picciotto MR. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling in the hypothalamus: mechanisms related to nicotine’s effects on food intake. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22: 152–163.
7. Amith H V, Agrawal D, Gupta A, Shrivastava TP, Purohit BM, Bhambhani G. Assessing the nicotine content of smoked and smokeless forms of Tobacco Available in Bhopal. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:341-6
8. Ai Pham-Huy L, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. Int J Biomed Sci. 2008 Jun; 4(2): 89–96
9. Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WP. Nutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe?. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:9719584.
10. Adair-Kirk TL, Atkinson JJ, Griffin GL, et al. Distal airways in mice exposed to cigarette smoke: Nrf2-regulated genes are increased in Clara cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008;39(4):400-411.
11. Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, et al. Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Front Physiol. 2020;11:694.
12. Juan CA, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4642
13. Greabu M, Battino M, Totan A, et al. Effect of gas phase and particulate phase of cigarette smoke on salivary antioxidants. What can be the role of vitamin C and pyridoxine? Pharmacol Rep 2007;59:613– 618
14. Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M. Superoxide dismutases: role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15(6):1583-1606.
15. Nandhini NT, Rajeshkumar S, Mythili S. The possible mechanism of eco-friendly synthesized nanoparticles on hazardous dyes degradation. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2019;19:101138.
16. Wu F, Zhu J, Li G, Wang J, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S, et al. Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16). Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2019;47(1):3297–305.
17. Patil SB, Durairaj D, Suresh Kumar G, Karthikeyan D, Pradeep D. Comparison of Extended Nasolabial Flap Versus Buccal Fat Pad Graft in the Surgical Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Prospective Pilot Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017;16(3):312–21.
18. Uthrakumar R, Vesta C, Raj CJ, Krishnan S, Das SJ. Bulk crystal growth and characterization of non-linear optical bisthiourea zinc chloride single crystal by unidirectional growth method. Curr Appl Phys 2010;10(2):548–52.
19. Vijayakumar Jain S, Muthusekhar MR, Baig MF, Senthilnathan P, Loganathan S, Abdul Wahab PU, et al. Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Following Isolated Lefort One Osteotomy for the Correction of Vertical Maxillary Excess: A Prospective Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2019;18(1):139–46.
20. Vishnu Prasad S, Kumar M, Ramakrishnan M, Ravikumar D. Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India. Spec Care Dentist 2018;38(1):58–9.
21. Eapen BV, Baig MF, Avinash S. An Assessment of the Incidence of Prolonged Postoperative Bleeding After Dental Extraction Among Patients on Uninterrupted Low Dose Aspirin Therapy and to Evaluate the Need to Stop Such Medication Prior to Dental Extractions. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017;16(1):48–52.
22. Krishnamurthy A, Sherlin HJ, Ramalingam K, Natesan A, Premkumar P, Ramani P, et al. Glandular odontogenic cyst: report of two cases and review of literature. Head Neck Pathol 2009;3(2):153–8.
23. Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, et al. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res 2019;80(6):714–30.
24. Abdul Wahab PU, Senthil Nathan P, Madhulaxmi M, Muthusekhar MR, Loong SC, Abhinav RP. Risk Factors for Post-operative Infection Following Single Piece Osteotomy. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017;16(3):328–32.
25. Thanikodi S, Singaravelu D Kumar, Devarajan C, Venkatraman V, Rathinavelu V. Teaching learning optimization and neural network for the effective prediction of heat transfer rates in tube heat exchangers. Therm Sci 2020;24(1 Part B):575–81.
26. Subramaniam N, Muthukrishnan A. Oral mucositis and microbial colonization in oral cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy: A prospective analysis in a tertiary care dental hospital [Internet]. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry2019;10(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12454
27. Kumar SP, Girija ASS, Priyadharsini JV. Targeting NM23-H1-mediated inhibition of tumour metastasis in viral hepatitis with bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum: A computational study. pharmaceutical-sciences [Internet] 2020;82(2). Available from: https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/targeting-nm23h1mediated-inhibition-of-tumour-metastasis-in-viral-hepatitis-with-bioactive-compounds-from-ganoderma-lucidum-a-comp-3883.html
28. Manickam A, Devarasan E, Manogaran G, Priyan MK, Varatharajan R, Hsu C-H, et al. Score level based latent fingerprint enhancement and matching using SIFT feature. Multimed Tools Appl 2019;78(3):3065–85.
29. Ravindiran M, Praveenkumar C. Status review and the future prospects of CZTS based solar cell – A novel approach on the device structure and material modeling for CZTS based photovoltaic device. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2018;94:317–29.
30. Bhattarai KR, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Compliance with Saliva Collection Protocol in Healthy Volunteers: Strategies for Managing Risk and Errors. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(8):823-831.
31. Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem.1972;247:3170e3175
32. Wendel, A. (1980) Enzymatic Basis of Detoxication, Volume 1, p. 333, Academic Press, NY
33. Stalnaya ID, Garishvili TG. Method for determination of malondialdehyde using thiobarbituric acid. Modern methods in biochemistry. Moscow: Medicine. 1977:66-8
34. Pignatelli P, Menichelli D, Pastori D, Violi F. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: new insights. Kardiol Pol. 2018; 76(4):713-722
35. Gruber J, Halliwell B. Approaches for extending human healthspan: from antioxidants to healthspan pharmacology. Essays Biochem. 2017;61:389-399.
36. Puca AA, Carrizzo A, Villa F, Ferrario A, Casaburo M, Maciąg A, Vecchione C. Vascular ageing: the role of oxidative stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45:556-9.
37. Helfinger V, Schröder K. Redox control in cancer development and progression. Mol Aspects Med. 2018;63:88-98.
38. Jenifer HD, Bhola S, Kalburgi V, Warad S, Kokatnur VM. The influence of cigarette smoking on blood and salivary superoxide dismutase enzyme levels among smokers and nonsmokers-A cross sectional study. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015 Jan 9;5(2):100-5.
39. Saggu TK, Masthan KMK, Dudanakar MP, UI Nisa S, Patil S. Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidant Enzymes amongSmokers and Nonsmokers. World Journal of Dentistry, January-March 2012;3(1):18-21
40. Tarboush NA, Al Masoodi O, Al Bdour S, Sawair F, Hassona Y. Antioxidant capacity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in saliva of khat-chewing patients: a case-control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019 Jan;127(1):49-54.
41. Singh S, Sharma M, Rohilla N, Salgotra V, Kumar V, Sharma RK. Assessment of Salivary Catalase, a-Amylase, and Cotinine Levels in Chronic Smokers: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 Mar 1;19(3):253-256
42. óthová L, Celec P. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Periodontitis. Front Physiol. 2017;14(8):1055.
43. Kumar J, Teoh SL, Das S, Mahakknaukrauh P. Oxidative Stress in Oral Diseases:Understanding Its Relation with Other Systemic Diseases. Front Physiol. 2017;8:693.
44. Choudhari SK, Chaudhary M, Gadbail AR, Sharma A, Tekade S. Oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms in oral cancer and precancer: a review. Oral Oncol. 2014;50:10-8.
45. Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Colombo R, Giustarini D, Milzani A. Biomarkers of oxidative damage in human disease. Clin Chem 2006;52:601–23.
46. Hassona Y, Scully C. Salivary changes in oral mucosal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70:111-127
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Apr 11, 2023
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Arthi Balasubramaniam, & Meignana Arumugham I. (2023). Salivary oxidative stress level among tobacco chewers and smokers- A comparative Study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(6), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.06.006
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