Prevalence Of Tobacco Associated Oral Mucosal Lesions In A Private Hospital - A Retrospective Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
Chennai, Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders, Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Precancerous lesion
Abstract
Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence and distribution of tobacco associated oral mucosal lesions in a private hospital and the effect of tobacco usage on the mucosal changes.
Background: Prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in the Chennai population is important to assess their current distribution status. Oral mucosal lesions usually present as abnormal alterations in colour, surface texture, or loss of integrity of the oral mucosa. Oral potentially malignant disorders are of particular importance as they may progress into malignancy.
Materials And Methods: A retrospective study of all cases of oral mucosal lesions seen between 2019 and 2021. Demographic data, clinical data and tobacco habits were retrieved. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 20, and the mean, frequency, and percentage were calculated.
Results: Among 71807 outpatients who reported to the dental college, 28863 (40.19%) patients were diagnosed with oral mucosal lesions. Out of all the oral mucosal lesions, tobacco associated lesions were 28.81% (8314) and were most common in males. The most common tobacco related oral lesions in males were leukoplakia (37.29%) followed by oral submucous fibrosis (30.08%). The most common tobacco associated lesions in females were oral submucous fibrosis (3.01%).
Conclusion: We conclude that the dental practitioner should have adequate awareness and knowledge about the diagnosis and management of oral lesions. 37.85% of oral mucosal lesions were potentially malignant disorders and use of tobacco products increased the risk for oral mucosal changes.
References
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28. Vigneshwaran S, Sundarakannan R, John KM, Joel Johnson RD, Prasath KA, Ajith S, et al. Recent advancement in the natural fiber polymer composites: A comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 2020;277:124109.
29. Nambi G, Kamal W, Es S, Joshi S, Trivedi P. Spinal manipulation plus laser therapy versus laser therapy alone in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018;54(6):880–9.
30. Mohanavel V, Ashraff Ali KS, Prasath S, Sathish T, Ravichandran M. Microstructural and tribological characteristics of AA6351/Si3N4 composites manufactured by stir casting. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020;9(6):14662–72.
31. Docheva M, Stoilova A, Kochev Y, Kirkova D. Determination of Polyphenols in Tobacco, Tobacco Blends, Tobacco Smoke and Butts of Different Cigarette Brands [Internet]. 2018;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.06.05
32. Aruna DS, Prasad KVV, Shavi GR, Ariga J, Rajesh G, Krishna M. Retrospective study on risk habits among oral cancer patients in Karnataka Cancer Therapy and Research Institute, Hubli, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12(6):1561–6.
33. Sridharan G. Epidemiology, control and prevention of tobacco induced oral mucosal lesions in India. Indian J Cancer 2014;51(1):80–5.
34. Venugopal A, Uma Maheswari TN. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016;20(3):474–9.
35. Misra SR, Shankar YU, Rastogi V, Maragathavalli G. Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in the maxilla and mandible, an extremely rare presentation. Contemp Clin Dent 2015;6(Suppl 1):S117–21.
36. Srivastava R, Jyoti B, Pradhan D, Siddiqui Z. Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis in patients visiting dental OPD of a dental college in Kanpur: A demographic study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8(8):2612–7.
37. Sellappa S, Balakrishnan M, Raman S, Palanisamy S. Induction of micronuclei in buccal mucosa on chewing a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco. J Oral Sci 2009;51(2):289–92.
38. Reddy SS, Prashanth R, Yashodha Devi BK, Chugh N, Kaur A, Thomas N. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among chewing tobacco users: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Dent Res 2015;26(5):537–41.
39. Chaitanya NC, Muthukrishnan A, Krishnaprasad CMS, Sanjuprasanna G, Pillay P, Mounika B. An Insight and Update on the Analgesic Properties of Vitamin C. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2018;10(3):119–25.
40. Favia G, Capodiferro S, Limongelli L, Tempesta A, Maiorano E. Malignant transformation of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a series of 48 patients with suggestions for management. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021;50(1):14–20.
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42. Sujatha D, Hebbar PB, Pai A. Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, areca nut and alcohol users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13(4):1633–7.
43. Jha PK, Iqubal MA, Khan M, Rayeen HS, Akhtar N, Rain WS. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions among Tobacco Chewers in North Indian Population [Internet]. Annals of International medical and Dental Research2018;4(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aimdr.2018.4.4.de4
44. Patil S, Yadav N, Patil P, Kaswan S. Prevalence and the relationship of oral mucosal lesions in tobacco users and denture wearers in the North Indian population. J Family Community Med 2013;20(3):187–91.
45. Muwonge R, Ramadas K, Sankila R, Thara S, Thomas G, Vinoda J, et al. Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: A nested case-control design using incident cancer cases [Internet]. Oral Oncology2008;44(5):446–54. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.06.002
46. Muthukrishnan A, Bijai Kumar L. Actinic cheilosis: early intervention prevents malignant transformation. BMJ Case Rep [Internet] 2017;2017. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-218654
47. Dharman S, Muthukrishnan A. Oral mucous membrane pemphigoid - Two case reports with varied clinical presentation. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016;20(6):630–4.
48. Aslesh OP, Paul S, Paul L, Jayasree AK. High Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Associated Oral Mucosal Lesion Among Interstate Male Migrant Workers in Urban Kerala, India. Iran J Cancer Prev 2015;8(6):e3876.
49. Subashri A, Uma Maheshwari TN. Knowledge and attitude of oral hygiene practice among dental students [Internet]. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology2016;9(11):1840. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00375.9
2. Piemonte ED, Lazos JP, Brunotto M. Relationship between chronic trauma of the oral mucosa, oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer [Internet]. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine2010;no – no. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00901.x
3. Jin X, Zeng X, Wu L. Oral Mucosal Lesions of Systemic Diseases [Internet]. Case Based Oral Mucosal Diseases2018;169–97. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0286-2_10
4. Aishwarya KM, Reddy MP, Kulkarni S, Doshi D, Reddy BS, Satyanarayana D. Effect of Frequency and Duration of Tobacco Use on Oral Mucosal Lesions – A Cross-Sectional Study among Tobacco Users in Hyderabad, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017;18(8):2233–8.
5. Maheswari TNU, Venugopal A, Sureshbabu NM, Ramani P. Salivary micro RNA as a potential biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018;30(2):55–60.
6. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Conference. A Review of Human Carcinogens. 2012.
7. Bhawna G. Burden of smoked and smokeless tobacco consumption in India - results from the Global adult Tobacco Survey India (GATS-India)- 2009-201. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013;14(5):3323–9.
8. Muthukrishnan A, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral health consequences of smokeless tobacco use. Indian J Med Res 2018;148(1):35–40.
9. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Betel-quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines. IARC; 2004.
10. Warnakulasuriya S. Oral potentially malignant disorders: A comprehensive review on clinical aspects and management. Oral Oncol 2020;102:104550.
11. León JE, Almeida LY, Duarte A, Teixeira LR, Ribeiro-Silva A, Nelem-Colturato CB, et al. Cytotoxic and Regulatory T-Lymphocytes in Potentially Malignant Oral and Lip Disorders and Squamous Cell Carcinomas [Internet]. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology2018;126(3):e168. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.02.670
12. Brennan PA, Aldridge T, Dwivedi RC. Premalignant Conditions of the Oral Cavity. Springer; 2019.
13. Rohini S, Jayanth Kumar V. Incidence of dental caries and pericoronitis associated with impacted mandibular third molar-A radiographic study [Internet]. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology2017;10(4):1081. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00196.2
14. Muthukrishnan A, Kumar LB, Ramalingam G. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a dentist’s nightmare [Internet]. BMJ Case Reports2016;bcr2016214626. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-214626
15. Subha M, Arvind M. Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluation of Trigeminal Neuralgia with its Anatomical Correlation [Internet]. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal2019;12(1):289–96. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1640
16. Kumar SP, Girija ASS, Priyadharsini JV. Targeting NM23-H1-mediated inhibition of tumour metastasis in viral hepatitis with bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum: A computational study. pharmaceutical-sciences [Internet] 2020;82(2). Available from: https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/targeting-nm23h1mediated-inhibition-of-tumour-metastasis-in-viral-hepatitis-with-bioactive-compounds-from-ganoderma-lucidum-a-comp-3883.html
17. Manickam A, Devarasan E, Manogaran G, Priyan MK, Varatharajan R, Hsu C-H, et al. Score level based latent fingerprint enhancement and matching using SIFT feature. Multimed Tools Appl 2019;78(3):3065–85.
18. Ravindiran M, Praveenkumar C. Status review and the future prospects of CZTS based solar cell – A novel approach on the device structure and material modeling for CZTS based photovoltaic device. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2018;94:317–29.
19. Vadivel JK, Govindarajan M, Somasundaram E, Muthukrishnan A. Mast cell expression in oral lichen planus: A systematic review. J Investig Clin Dent 2019;10(4):e12457.
20. Ma Y, Karunakaran T, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Li S. Sesame Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis through Inhibition of STAT-3 Translocation in Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines (FTC-133). Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 2019;24(4):646–52.
21. Mathivadani V, Smiline AS, Priyadharsini JV. Targeting Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) with Murraya koengii bio-compounds: An in-silico approach. Acta Virol 2020;64(1):93–9.
22. Happy A, Soumya M, Venkat Kumar S, Rajeshkumar S, Sheba RD, Lakshmi T, et al. Phyto-assisted synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cassia alata and its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019;17:208–11.
23. K M P, Johnson P, Ganesh M, Subhashini AS. Evaluation of Salivary Profile among Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in South India. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7(8):1592–5.
24. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Novel insights into m6A modification in circular RNA and implications for immunity [Internet]. Cellular & Molecular Immunology2020;17(6):668–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0387-x
25. Ponnanikajamideen M, Rajeshkumar S, Vanaja M, Annadurai G. In Vivo Type 2 Diabetes and Wound-Healing Effects of Antioxidant Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized Using the Insulin Plant Chamaecostus cuspidatus in Albino Rats. Can J Diabetes 2019;43(2):82–9.e6.
26. Priyadharsini JV, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Smiline Girija AS, Paramasivam A. In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species [Internet]. Archives of Oral Biology2018;94:93–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.001
27. Anita R, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Chitra S. The m6A readers YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 aberrations associated with metastasis and predict poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Am J Cancer Res 2020;10(8):2546–54.
28. Vigneshwaran S, Sundarakannan R, John KM, Joel Johnson RD, Prasath KA, Ajith S, et al. Recent advancement in the natural fiber polymer composites: A comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 2020;277:124109.
29. Nambi G, Kamal W, Es S, Joshi S, Trivedi P. Spinal manipulation plus laser therapy versus laser therapy alone in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018;54(6):880–9.
30. Mohanavel V, Ashraff Ali KS, Prasath S, Sathish T, Ravichandran M. Microstructural and tribological characteristics of AA6351/Si3N4 composites manufactured by stir casting. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020;9(6):14662–72.
31. Docheva M, Stoilova A, Kochev Y, Kirkova D. Determination of Polyphenols in Tobacco, Tobacco Blends, Tobacco Smoke and Butts of Different Cigarette Brands [Internet]. 2018;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.06.05
32. Aruna DS, Prasad KVV, Shavi GR, Ariga J, Rajesh G, Krishna M. Retrospective study on risk habits among oral cancer patients in Karnataka Cancer Therapy and Research Institute, Hubli, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12(6):1561–6.
33. Sridharan G. Epidemiology, control and prevention of tobacco induced oral mucosal lesions in India. Indian J Cancer 2014;51(1):80–5.
34. Venugopal A, Uma Maheswari TN. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016;20(3):474–9.
35. Misra SR, Shankar YU, Rastogi V, Maragathavalli G. Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in the maxilla and mandible, an extremely rare presentation. Contemp Clin Dent 2015;6(Suppl 1):S117–21.
36. Srivastava R, Jyoti B, Pradhan D, Siddiqui Z. Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis in patients visiting dental OPD of a dental college in Kanpur: A demographic study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8(8):2612–7.
37. Sellappa S, Balakrishnan M, Raman S, Palanisamy S. Induction of micronuclei in buccal mucosa on chewing a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco. J Oral Sci 2009;51(2):289–92.
38. Reddy SS, Prashanth R, Yashodha Devi BK, Chugh N, Kaur A, Thomas N. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among chewing tobacco users: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Dent Res 2015;26(5):537–41.
39. Chaitanya NC, Muthukrishnan A, Krishnaprasad CMS, Sanjuprasanna G, Pillay P, Mounika B. An Insight and Update on the Analgesic Properties of Vitamin C. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2018;10(3):119–25.
40. Favia G, Capodiferro S, Limongelli L, Tempesta A, Maiorano E. Malignant transformation of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a series of 48 patients with suggestions for management. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021;50(1):14–20.
41. Chaitanya NC, Muthukrishnan A, Babu DBG, Kumari CS, Lakshmi MA, Palat G, et al. Role of Vitamin E and Vitamin A in Oral Mucositis Induced by Cancer Chemo/Radiotherapy- A Meta-analysis. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11(5):ZE06–9.
42. Sujatha D, Hebbar PB, Pai A. Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, areca nut and alcohol users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13(4):1633–7.
43. Jha PK, Iqubal MA, Khan M, Rayeen HS, Akhtar N, Rain WS. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions among Tobacco Chewers in North Indian Population [Internet]. Annals of International medical and Dental Research2018;4(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aimdr.2018.4.4.de4
44. Patil S, Yadav N, Patil P, Kaswan S. Prevalence and the relationship of oral mucosal lesions in tobacco users and denture wearers in the North Indian population. J Family Community Med 2013;20(3):187–91.
45. Muwonge R, Ramadas K, Sankila R, Thara S, Thomas G, Vinoda J, et al. Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: A nested case-control design using incident cancer cases [Internet]. Oral Oncology2008;44(5):446–54. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.06.002
46. Muthukrishnan A, Bijai Kumar L. Actinic cheilosis: early intervention prevents malignant transformation. BMJ Case Rep [Internet] 2017;2017. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-218654
47. Dharman S, Muthukrishnan A. Oral mucous membrane pemphigoid - Two case reports with varied clinical presentation. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016;20(6):630–4.
48. Aslesh OP, Paul S, Paul L, Jayasree AK. High Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Associated Oral Mucosal Lesion Among Interstate Male Migrant Workers in Urban Kerala, India. Iran J Cancer Prev 2015;8(6):e3876.
49. Subashri A, Uma Maheshwari TN. Knowledge and attitude of oral hygiene practice among dental students [Internet]. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology2016;9(11):1840. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00375.9
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Apr 11, 2023
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Divyadarshini V, & T.N.Uma Maheswari. (2023). Prevalence Of Tobacco Associated Oral Mucosal Lesions In A Private Hospital - A Retrospective Study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(6), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.06.004
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