Green synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Study Their Protective Effects Against Renal Failure in Male Rats
Main Article Content
Keywords
Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Ziziphus-Spina Christi, Renal failure, Antioxidants
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been widely studied in recent decades due to their nano-medicine applications based on the physiological and biochemical agents that an often added as a food supplement in animal diets. This study aimed to synthesize, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using crude extract of Ziziphus-Spina Christi leaves and then investigated its protective
effects against renal failure induced by adenine in male rats. Thirty-six male rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups and given adenine (100 mg/kg.BW) daily for thirty days. At the end of 30 days, blood and tissue samples were collected to evaluate kidney functions, antioxidant status, and histological changes. The UV-visible spectrum showed a strong absorption peak at 362 nm, which is
specific to ZnO-NPs. Absorption peaks (400 and 500 cm-1) returned to Zn-O bonding in FT-IR spectroscopic investigation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the hexagonal wurtzite phase with an average crystal size calculated at 38.177 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that particles had a spherical shape and measured an average diameter of 43.35 nm. In lowest
doses, ZnO-NPs and Ziziphus-Spina Christi leaves extract effectively reduced the rise in kidney function parameters and improved biochemical changes suggestive of renal failure (Creatinine, urea, uric acid). Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase levels were both increased while malondialdehyde (MDA) was dramatically decreased (CAT). In conclusion, the protective effects of
ZnO-NPs and plant extract on ameliorating biochemical alterations were validated by histological tests.
References
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nanoparticles on hepatocellular carcinomainduced biochemical and trace element alterations in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2021;11:108–17.
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23. Ramimoghadam D, Hussein MZ bin, Taufiq-Yap YH. The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the properties of ZnO synthesized by hydrothermal method. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(10):13275–93.
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31. Ali K, Dwivedi S, Azam A, Saquib Q, Al-Said MS, Alkhedhairy AA, et al. Aloe vera extract functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles as
nanoantibiotics against multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;472:145–56.
32. Dobrucka R, Długaszewska J. Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles using Trifolium pratense flower extract. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2016;23(4):517–23.
33. Ebadi M, Zolfaghari MR, Aghaei SS, Zargar M, Shafiei M, Zahiri HS, et al. A bio-inspired strategy for the synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the cell extract of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. EA03: from biological function to toxicity evaluation. RSC Adv. 2019;9(41):23508–25.
34. Jayachandran A, Aswathy TR, Nair AS. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cayratia pedata leaf extract.
Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021;26:100995.
35. Dey A, Somaiah S. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Thryallis glauca (Cav.) Kuntze and
their role as antioxidant and antibacterial. Microsc Res Tech. 2022;
36. Geetha MS, Nagabhushana H, Shivananjaiah HN. Green mediated synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using Euphorbia Jatropa latex as reducing agent. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2016;1(3):301–10.
37. Suresh J, Pradheesh G, Alexramani V, Sundrarajan M, Hong SI. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using
insulin plant (Costus pictus D. Don) and investigation of its antimicrobial as well as anticancer activities. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2018;9(1):015008.
38. Pillai AM, Sivasankarapillai VS, Rahdar A, Joseph J, Sadeghfar F, Rajesh K, et al. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide
nanoparticles with antibacterial and antifungal activity. J Mol Struct. 2020;1211:128107.
39. Törmänen S, Pörsti I, Lakkisto P, Tikkanen I, Niemelä O, Paavonen T, et al. Endothelin A receptor blocker and calcimimetic in the adenine
rat model of chronic renal insufficiency. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):1–13.
40. al Za’abi M, al Busaidi M, Yasin J, Schupp N, Nemmar A, Ali BH. Development of a new model for the induction of chronic kidney disease
via intraperitoneal adenine administration, and the effect of treatment with gum acacia thereon. Am J Transl Res. 2015;7(1):28.
41. Shirvani H, Noori A, Mashayekh AM. The effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the growth and puberty of newborn male Wistar rats. International
Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research. 2014;3:180–5.
42. Mansouri E, Khorsandi L, Orazizadeh M, Jozi Z. Dose-dependent hepatotoxicity effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. 2015;
43. Ben SI. Sub-acute oral toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in male rats. 2015;
44. Alebachew M, Kinfu Y, Makonnen E, Bekuretsion Y, Urga K, Afework M. Toxicological evaluation of methanol leaves extract of Vernonia bipontini Vatke in blood, liver and kidney tissues of mice. Afr Health Sci. 2014;14(4):1012–24.
45. Mehrdad M, Mozhgan GP. Effect of Zingiber Extract on Histopathologic Changes in Mice Kidneys. Res J Appl Sci. 2011;6(5):1–3.
46. ali Imarah A, AL-Ghurabi ME. Induction of Acute Renal Failure to Study of Some Physiological and Histological Criteria in Rats Before and After Treatment with Eruca Sative Oil Extract of Leaves. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2017;9(7):1045.
47. Cai H, Su S, Li Y, Zeng H, Zhu Z, Guo J, et al. Protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on adenine-induced chronic renal failure by
regulating the metabolic profiling and modulating the NADPH oxidase/ROS/ERK and TGFβ/Smad signaling pathways. J Ethnopharmacol.
2018;212:153–65.
48. Khaleel SM, Almuhur RA, Al-Deeb TMF, Jaran AS. Biochemical changes in the liver, kidney and serum of rats exposed to ethanolic leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-christi. Jordan J Biol Sci. 2021;14(4).
49. Engle SJ, Stockelman MG, Chen JU, Boivin G, Yum MN, Davies PM, et al. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient mice
develop 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine nephrolithiasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996;93(11):5307–12.
50. Pettitt RM, Brumbaugh AP, Gartman MF, Jackson AM. Chronic kidney disease: Detection and evaluation. Osteopathic Family Physician.
2020;12(1):14–9.
51. Singh D, Chopra K. The effect of naringin, a bioflavonoid on ischemia-reperfusion induced renal injury in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2004;50(2):187–93.
52. Abd El-Megeid AA, AbdAllah IZA, Elsadek MF, Abd El-Moneim YF. The protective effect of the fortified bread with green tea against chronic
renal failure induced by excessive dietary arginine in male albino rats. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences. 2009;4(2):107–17.
53. Sayhan MB, Kanter M, Oguz S, Erboga M. Protective effect of Urtica dioica L. on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. J Mol Histol.
2012;43(6):691–8.
54. Schulman G, Agarwal R, Acharya M, Berl T, Blumenthal S, Kopyt N. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
dose-ranging study of AST-120 (Kremezin) in patients with moderate to severe CKD. American journal of kidney diseases. 2006;47(4):565–77.
precursor Cite this paper Preparation of ZnO Nanoparticles: Structural Study of the Molecular Precursor. Vol. 26, Journal of Sol-Gel Science
and Technology. 2003.
2. Becheri A, Dürr M, lo Nostro P, Baglioni P. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Application to textiles as UVabsorbers. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2008 Apr;10(4):679–89.
3. Jahn W. Review: Chemical Aspects of the Use of Gold Clusters in Structural Biology [Internet]. 1999. Available from: http://www.idealibrary.com
4. Shah RK, Boruah F, Parween N. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using leaf extract of Camellia sinesis and evaluation of their antimicrobial efficacy. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2015;4(8):444–50.
5. Morkoç H, Özgür Ü. Zinc oxide: fundamentals, materials and device technology. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
6. Özgür Ü, Alivov YI, Liu C, Teke A, Reshchikov MA, Doǧan S, et al. A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices. Vol. 98, Journal of
Applied Physics. 2005. p. 1–103.
7. Shamsuzzaman AA, Asif M, Mashrai A, Khanam H. Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Bacillus Subilis And Their Catalytic Performance In The One-Pot Synthesis of Steroidal Thiophenes. European Chemical Bulletin. 2014;3(9):939–45.
8. Mohamed HYG, Ismael E, Elaasser MM, Khalil MMH. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using portulaca oleracea (regla
seeds) extract and its biomedical applications. Egypt J Chem. 2021;64(2):661–72.
9. Kang T, Guan R, Chen X, Song Y, Jiang H, Zhao J. In vitro toxicity of different-sized ZnO nanoparticles in Caco-2 cells. Nanoscale Res
Lett. 2013;8(1):1–8.
10. Rasmussen JW, Martinez E, Louka P, Wingett DG. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Selective Destruction of Tumor Cells and Potential for
Drug Delivery Applications.
11. Loh AH, Cohen AH. Drug-induced kidney disease-pathology and current concepts. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38(3):240–50.
12. Alqatab AH, Hassan AH. Evaluation of some Coagulation Factors in Male rat with Induce Chronic Renal Failure (CRD). Res J Pharm
Technol. 2019;12(4):1871–4.
13. Cullity BD. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, Adison–Wesley Publ. Co, London. 1967;
14. Health NI of. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Academies; 1985.
15. al Za’abi M, al Busaidi M, Yasin J, Schupp N, Nemmar A, Ali BH. Development of a new model for the induction of chronic kidney disease
via intraperitoneal adenine administration, and the effect of treatment with gum acacia thereon. Am J Transl Res. 2015;7(1):28.
16. Yokozawa T, Zheng PD, Oura H, Koizumi F. Animal model of adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats. Nephron. 1986;44(3):230–4.
17. Awadalla A, Hamam ET, El-Senduny FF, Omar NM, Mahdi MR, Barakat N, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles and spironolactone-enhanced
Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibited Wnt/β-catenin pathway in adenine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Redox Report. 2022;27(1):249–58.
18. Bashandy SAE, Ahmed-Farid OAH, Abdelmottaleb-Moussa S, Omara EA, Abdel Jaleel GA, Ibrahim FAA. Efficacy of zinc oxide
nanoparticles on hepatocellular carcinomainduced biochemical and trace element alterations in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2021;11:108–17.
19. Alzahrani F, Al-Shaebi EM, Dkhil MA, AlQuraishy S. In vivo anti-eimeria and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Ziziphus spina-christi
leaf extracts. Pak J Zool. 2016;48(2).
20. Bashandy SAE, Alaamer A, Moussa SAA, Omara EA. Role of zinc oxide nanoparticles in alleviating hepatic fibrosis and nephrotoxicity
induced by thioacetamide in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;96(4):337–44.
21. Ji X, Zhang F, Zhang R, Liu F, Peng Q, Wang M. An acidic polysaccharide from Ziziphus Jujubacv. Muzao: Purification and structural
characterization. Food Chem. 2019;274:494–9.
22. Cun T, Dong C, Huang Q. Ionothermal precipitation of highly dispersive ZnO nanoparticles with improved photocatalytic
performance. Appl Surf Sci. 2016;384:73–82.
23. Ramimoghadam D, Hussein MZ bin, Taufiq-Yap YH. The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the properties of ZnO synthesized by hydrothermal method. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(10):13275–93.
24. Wang Q, Mei S, Manivel P, Ma H, Chen X. Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using coffee leaf extract assisted with ultrasound as nanocarriers for mangiferin. Curr Res Food Sci. 2022;
25. Król A, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, RaileanPlugaru V, Buszewski B. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and
toxicity mechanism. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;249:37–52.
26. Gupta M, Tomar RS, Kaushik S, Mishra RK, Sharma D. Effective antimicrobial activity of green ZnO nano particles of Catharanthus roseus.
Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2030.
27. Kalaiselvi A, Roopan SM, Madhumitha G, Ramalingam C, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV. Catharanthus roseus-mediated zinc oxide
nanoparticles against photocatalytic application of phenol red under UV@ 365 nm. Curr Sci. 2016;1811–5.
28. Goh EG, Xu X, McCormick PG. Effect of particle size on the UV absorbance of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Scr Mater. 2014;78:49–52.
29. Singh P, Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Plants and Microorganisms. Vol. 34, Trends in Biotechnology. Elsevier Ltd; 2016. p. 588–99.
30. al Awadh AA, Shet AR, Patil LR, Shaikh IA, Alshahrani MM, Nadaf R, et al. Sustainable synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide
nanoparticles using Raphanus sativus extract and its biomedical applications. Crystals (Basel). 2022;12(8):1142.
31. Ali K, Dwivedi S, Azam A, Saquib Q, Al-Said MS, Alkhedhairy AA, et al. Aloe vera extract functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles as
nanoantibiotics against multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;472:145–56.
32. Dobrucka R, Długaszewska J. Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles using Trifolium pratense flower extract. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2016;23(4):517–23.
33. Ebadi M, Zolfaghari MR, Aghaei SS, Zargar M, Shafiei M, Zahiri HS, et al. A bio-inspired strategy for the synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the cell extract of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. EA03: from biological function to toxicity evaluation. RSC Adv. 2019;9(41):23508–25.
34. Jayachandran A, Aswathy TR, Nair AS. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cayratia pedata leaf extract.
Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021;26:100995.
35. Dey A, Somaiah S. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Thryallis glauca (Cav.) Kuntze and
their role as antioxidant and antibacterial. Microsc Res Tech. 2022;
36. Geetha MS, Nagabhushana H, Shivananjaiah HN. Green mediated synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using Euphorbia Jatropa latex as reducing agent. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2016;1(3):301–10.
37. Suresh J, Pradheesh G, Alexramani V, Sundrarajan M, Hong SI. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using
insulin plant (Costus pictus D. Don) and investigation of its antimicrobial as well as anticancer activities. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2018;9(1):015008.
38. Pillai AM, Sivasankarapillai VS, Rahdar A, Joseph J, Sadeghfar F, Rajesh K, et al. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide
nanoparticles with antibacterial and antifungal activity. J Mol Struct. 2020;1211:128107.
39. Törmänen S, Pörsti I, Lakkisto P, Tikkanen I, Niemelä O, Paavonen T, et al. Endothelin A receptor blocker and calcimimetic in the adenine
rat model of chronic renal insufficiency. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):1–13.
40. al Za’abi M, al Busaidi M, Yasin J, Schupp N, Nemmar A, Ali BH. Development of a new model for the induction of chronic kidney disease
via intraperitoneal adenine administration, and the effect of treatment with gum acacia thereon. Am J Transl Res. 2015;7(1):28.
41. Shirvani H, Noori A, Mashayekh AM. The effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the growth and puberty of newborn male Wistar rats. International
Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research. 2014;3:180–5.
42. Mansouri E, Khorsandi L, Orazizadeh M, Jozi Z. Dose-dependent hepatotoxicity effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. 2015;
43. Ben SI. Sub-acute oral toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in male rats. 2015;
44. Alebachew M, Kinfu Y, Makonnen E, Bekuretsion Y, Urga K, Afework M. Toxicological evaluation of methanol leaves extract of Vernonia bipontini Vatke in blood, liver and kidney tissues of mice. Afr Health Sci. 2014;14(4):1012–24.
45. Mehrdad M, Mozhgan GP. Effect of Zingiber Extract on Histopathologic Changes in Mice Kidneys. Res J Appl Sci. 2011;6(5):1–3.
46. ali Imarah A, AL-Ghurabi ME. Induction of Acute Renal Failure to Study of Some Physiological and Histological Criteria in Rats Before and After Treatment with Eruca Sative Oil Extract of Leaves. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2017;9(7):1045.
47. Cai H, Su S, Li Y, Zeng H, Zhu Z, Guo J, et al. Protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on adenine-induced chronic renal failure by
regulating the metabolic profiling and modulating the NADPH oxidase/ROS/ERK and TGFβ/Smad signaling pathways. J Ethnopharmacol.
2018;212:153–65.
48. Khaleel SM, Almuhur RA, Al-Deeb TMF, Jaran AS. Biochemical changes in the liver, kidney and serum of rats exposed to ethanolic leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-christi. Jordan J Biol Sci. 2021;14(4).
49. Engle SJ, Stockelman MG, Chen JU, Boivin G, Yum MN, Davies PM, et al. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient mice
develop 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine nephrolithiasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996;93(11):5307–12.
50. Pettitt RM, Brumbaugh AP, Gartman MF, Jackson AM. Chronic kidney disease: Detection and evaluation. Osteopathic Family Physician.
2020;12(1):14–9.
51. Singh D, Chopra K. The effect of naringin, a bioflavonoid on ischemia-reperfusion induced renal injury in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2004;50(2):187–93.
52. Abd El-Megeid AA, AbdAllah IZA, Elsadek MF, Abd El-Moneim YF. The protective effect of the fortified bread with green tea against chronic
renal failure induced by excessive dietary arginine in male albino rats. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences. 2009;4(2):107–17.
53. Sayhan MB, Kanter M, Oguz S, Erboga M. Protective effect of Urtica dioica L. on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. J Mol Histol.
2012;43(6):691–8.
54. Schulman G, Agarwal R, Acharya M, Berl T, Blumenthal S, Kopyt N. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
dose-ranging study of AST-120 (Kremezin) in patients with moderate to severe CKD. American journal of kidney diseases. 2006;47(4):565–77.
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Mar 26, 2023
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Hayder Hussein Abbas, Narjis Hadi AL-Saadi, & Ayyed Hameed Hassan. (2023). Green synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Study Their Protective Effects Against Renal Failure in Male Rats. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(4), 413–430. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.04.040
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