Detection of the tst gene and determining the relationship between the presence of the mecA gene and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from some Hospital in Dhi Qar province
Main Article Content
Keywords
Staphylococcus aureus , , virulence gene , antibiotic-resistance property
Abstract
Methicillin, a β-lactam antibiotic, acts by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential mesh-like polymer that surrounds the cell. S. aureus can become resistant to methicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics through the expression of a foreign PBP, PBP2a, that is resistant to the action of methicillin but which can perform the functions of the host PBPs. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates are often resistant to other. Out of 163 samples, 44 (26.99%) isolates of staphylococcus bacteria were diagnosed. Ten antibiotics were tested, where the bacteria showed the highest resistance of 100% to cefalexin and cefuroxime, and it was sensitive to Erythromycin with a percentage of (52.27%). It was also noted that the
percentage of the mecA gene was (41)93.18% in the study samples and the percentage of the tst gene (14) was 31.81%.
References
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Chemistry, 2022, 10.
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magnetic nanocatalyst in the synthesis ofheterocyclic compounds. Frontiers in Chemistry,2022, 10.
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Staphylo- coccus Aureus SA D22901 (MSSASAD22901) and Methicillin Resistant Derivatives of the Latter.”, 2014.
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Serotypes. Archives of Razi Institute, 2022, 77.3:1207-1210.
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Infect Dis. 2006;193(2):172-179.doi:10.1086/499632.
2. C. Liu, C. J. Graber, M. Karr et al., “A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillinresistant
Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco,2004- 2005,” Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008;vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1637–1646.
3. K. Ubukata, R. Nonoguchi, M. Matsuhashi, and M. Konno, “Expression and inducibility in Staphylococcus aureus of the mecA gene, which
encodes a methicillin-resistant S. aureusspecific penicillin-binding protein,” Journal of Bacteriology. 1989; vol. 171, no. 5, pp. 2882–2885.
4. B. Berger-B¨achi, “Genetic basis of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus,” Cellular andMolecular Life Sciences. 1999; vol. 56, no. 9-
10, pp. 764–770.
5. M. Matsuhashi, M. D. Song, F. Ishino et al.,“Molecular cloning of the gene of a penicillinbinding protein supposed to cause high resistance
to �-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus,” Journal of Bacteriology. 1986; vol. 167, no. 3,pp. 975–980.
6. M. A. Al-Abbas, “Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis and a novel Planomicrobium isolate of bacterimia,” International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2012 ; vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 19–27.
7. Sulistyaningsih. Uji kepekaan beberapa sediaan antiseptic Terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Staphylococcus aureus resisten
metisilin (MRSA) [Tesis]. Bandung : Universitas Padjajaran, 2010.
8. Kuntaman K, Hadi U, Setiawan F, Koendori EB, Rusli M, Santosaningsih D, Severin J, and Verbrugh HA . Prevalence of MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus from nose and throat of patients on admission to medical wards of Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2016;47(1) : 1 – 5
9. Sjahrurachman A. Cara Genetis untuk Menentukan Kepekaan Bakteri terhadap Antibiotik. CDK. 2011; Vol. 38(7) : 498 – 502.
10. Jain A, Agarwal A, and Verma RK. Cefoxitin disc diffusion test for detection of meticillin-resistant staphylococci. Journal of Medical
Microbiology.2008; 57: 957–961.
11. Felten A, Grandry B, Lagrange PH, and Casin I. Evaluation of three techniques for detection of low- level Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a disk diffusion method with cefoxitin and moxalactam, the vitek 2 system, and the MRSA – screen latex agglutination test.Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002;40 (8) :2766 – 2771.
12. Jonas D, Speck M, Daschner FD and GrundmannH. Rapid PCRBased Identification of MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus from Screening Swabs. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40: 1821-1823.
13. Marrack P, Kappler J. The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science.1990;248(4956):705–11. [PubMed: 2185544].
14. Ruzin A, Lindsay J, Novick RP. Molecular genetics of SaPI1–a mobile pathogenicity island in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol.
2001;41(2):365–77. [PubMed: 11489124].
15. Ikejima T, Okusawa S, van der Meer JW, Dinarello CA. Induction by toxic-shocksyndrome toxin-1 of a circulating tumor necrosis
factorlike substance in rabbits and of immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 from human mononuclear cells. J Infect Dis. 1988;158(5):1017–25. [PubMed:3263446].
16. Crass BA, Bergdoll MS. Toxin involvement in toxic shock syndrome.JInfect Dis. 1986;153(5):918–26. [PubMed: 3701106].
17. Suzuki, Haruo, Tristan Lefébure, Paulina P. Bitar, and Michael J. Stanhope. “Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Staphylococcus
Includ- ing Staphylococcus Aureus and Its Newly Described Sister Species Staphylococcus Simiae.” BMC Ge- nomics. 2012; 13(1).
18. Gillet, Yves, Bertrand Issartel, Philippe Vanhems, Jean Christophe Fournet, Gerard Lina, Michèle Bes, François Vandenesch, Yves
Piémont, Nicole Brousse, Daniel Floret, and Jerome Etienne. “Association between Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Carrying Gene
for Panton-Valentine Leuko- cidin and Highly Lethal Necrotising Pneumonia in Young Immunocompetent Patients.” Lancet . 2002;
359(9308):753–59.
19. Reddy, Prakash Narayana, Krupanidhi Srirama, and Vijaya R. Dirisala. “ An Update on Clinical Burden, Diagnostic Tools, and Therapeutic
Options of Staphylococcus Aureus .” Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment. 2017; 10:117991611770399.
20. J. G. Collee,A.G. Fraser, B. P. Marmion, andA. Simmons, Eds., Mackie & Mccartney Practical Medical Microbiology, Churchill Livingstone,
New York, NY, USA, 14th edition, 1996.
21. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow
Aerobically, Approved Standard M7-A2, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Villanova, Pa, USA, 2nd edition,1990.
22. Bennimath VD, Gavimath CC, Kalburgi PB, and Kelmani C. Amplification and sequencing of mecA gene from Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research. 2011;2(3): 310-314.
23. M. A. Al-Abbas, “Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis and a novel Planomicrobium isolate of bacterimia,” International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2012; vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 19–27.24. Anand KB, Agrawal P, Kumar S, and Kapila K. Comparison of cefoxitin disc diffusion test, oxacillin screen agar, and PCR for mecA gene detection of MRSA. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009; 27(1) : 27-29.
25. Lestari ES, dan Severin JA. Antimicrobial Resistance in Indonesia (Prevalence, determinants, and genetic basis). Rotterdam: Erasmus University, 2009.
26. Al - Ruaily MA, and Khalil OM. Detection of (mecA) gene in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at Prince A/ Rhmansidery hospital, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medical Genetics and Genomics. 2011; 3(3) : 41-45.
27. Elhassan MM, Ozbak, HA, Hemeg HA, Elmekki MA and Ahmed LM. Absence of the mecA Gene in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in Shendi City, Sudan. BioMed Research International, 2015; 1-5.
28. Sudigdoadi S. Analisis Tipe Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Isolat Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). MKB. , 2010; 42 (4): 149 - 154.
29. Felten A, Grandry B, Lagrange PH, and Casin I. Evaluation of three techniques for detection of low- level Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a disk diffusion method with cefoxitin and moxalactam, the vitek 2 system, and the MRSA – screen latex agglutination test. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002; 40 (8) : 2766 – 2771.
30. Sudigdoadi S. Analisis Tipe Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Isolat IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
130 (2018) 012026 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/130/1/012026
31. Hiramatsu K. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a new model of antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001; 1(3):147-55.
32. El Ghodban A, Ghenghesh KS, Marialigeti K, Esahli H, Tawil A. PCR detection of toxic shock syndrome toxin of staphylococcus aureus from
Tripoli, Libya. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55 (2):179–82. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46162-0. [PubMed: 16434710].
33. Qasim MT, Fenjan MN, Thijail HA. Molecular Identification of Cystoisospora Belli in Patients Infected With The Virus Human
Immunodeficiency. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2022; 12(2):701-704.
34. Kord Z, Amini K. Determining genesseh, TSST- 1, can and antibiotic resistance in staphylococcus aureus strainsisolated from clinical specimens. J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2016;24 (3):31–9.
35. Arabestani MR, Rastiany S, Mousavi SF, Ghafel S, Alikhani MY. Identification of toxic shock syndrom and exfoliative toxin genes of
staphylococcus aureus in carrier persons, resistant and susceptible methicillin. Tehran Univ Med J. 2015;73(8):554–60
36. Zhu, Yefei. “Staphylococcus Aureus Viru- lence Factors Synthesis Is Controlled by Central Metabolism.”2010.
37. Thomas, Damien Yann, Sophie Jarraud, Brigitte Lemercier, Gregoire Cozon, Klara Echasserieau, Jerome Etienne, Marie-Lise Gougeon, Gerard Lina, and François Vandenesch.“Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-like Toxins U2 and V, Two New Staphylococcal Superantigens Arising from
Recom- bination within the Enterotoxin Gene Cluster.” Infec- tion and Immunity . 2006; 74(8):4724–34.
38. Sharma, Hema, Debra Smith, Claire E. Turner, Lau- rence Game, Bruno Pichon, Russell Hope, Robert Hill, Angela Kearns, and Shiranee
Sriskandan. “Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylo- coccal Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United King- dom.” Emerging
Infectious Diseases. 2018; 24(2):258.
39. ROHMAH, Martina Kurnia, et al. Modulatory role of dietary curcumin and resveratrol on growth performance, serum immunity responses,
mucus enzymes activity, antioxidant capacity and serum and mucus biochemicals in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to abamectin. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2022, 129: 221-230.
40. ARIF, Anam, et al. The functions and molecular mechanisms of Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer.
International Immunopharmacology, 2023, 114:109581.
41. MARGIANA, Ria, et al. Functions and therapeutic interventions of non-coding RNAs associated with TLR signaling pathway in
atherosclerosis. Cellular Signalling, 2022, 100:110471.
42. H. A. Al-Hchaimi, M. F. Alhamaidah, H. Alkhfaji, M. T. Qasim, A. H. Al-Nussairi and H.S. Abd-Alzahra, "Intraoperative Fluid Management for Major Neurosurgery: Narrative study," 2022 International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT), 2022, pp. 311-314, doi:10.1109/ISMSIT56059.2022.9932659.
43. MOHAMMED, Zainab; QASIM, Maytham T.The Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Hypertension in Patient with Hypertensive. HIV
Nursing, 2022, 22.2: 1659–1663-1659–1663.
44. LEI, Zimeng, et al. Detection of abemaciclib, an anti-breast cancer agent, using a new electrochemical DNA biosensor. Frontiers in
Chemistry, 2022, 10.
45. BASHAR, Bashar S., et al. Application of novel Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures as an antimicrobial agent and
magnetic nanocatalyst in the synthesis ofheterocyclic compounds. Frontiers in Chemistry,2022, 10.
46. Shien, Lee Lian. “Comparative Genomic of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Pr01 (MRSA PR01) and Methicillin Sensitive
Staphylo- coccus Aureus SA D22901 (MSSASAD22901) and Methicillin Resistant Derivatives of the Latter.”, 2014.
47. QASIM, M. T., et al. Ovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine: Assessment of the Protective Antibody Titer and Recognition of the Prevailing
Serotypes. Archives of Razi Institute, 2022, 77.3:1207-1210.
48. Bocskay, Ildiko. “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections in the Eight Service Planning Areas of Los Angeles County.”
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, 2016.
49. Zadeh, Firoozeh Abolhasani, et al. "Cytotoxicity evaluation of environmentally friendly synthesis Copper/Zinc bimetallic nanoparticles on MCF-7 cancer cells." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali (2022): 1-7.
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Mar 26, 2023
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Mushtaq Talib Al-Safi. (2023). Detection of the tst gene and determining the relationship between the presence of the mecA gene and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from some Hospital in Dhi Qar province. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(4), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.04.020
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