Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistant Genes to Clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori at Basrah, Iraq
Main Article Content
Keywords
H. pylori, 23sRNA, Antibiotic resistant genes
Abstract
The primary cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers, as well as gastric cancer and gastric mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. When an infection with H. pylori is discovered, eradication therapy should be started, and it is best if it is successful the first time. According to international standards, in some instances, medication susceptibility testing should be used to tailor treatment. The most widely used first-line treatment is still triple therapy, which combines a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) with amoxicillin and clarithromycin (PPI-AC). This casecontrol study included 112 patients (55 males and 57 females), aged between 15 and 74, with a variety of gastritis symptoms, and 112 randomly chosen controls (59 males and 53 females), aged between 15 and 74, who were H. pylori negative. RUT and PCR were used for diagnosis of the bacteria. Realtime PCR was used to genotype two SNPs of the gene 23S rRNA, A2142G, and A2143G, which confer clarithromycin resistance. The rate of resistance to clarithromycin were 65.2% which consider high according to similar studies and this resistant appear that it was not associated with any of age, diabetes and smoking and it was result from point mutation in 23sRNA gene.
References
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10.1038/s41598-019-56399-7.
3. Aftab, H., Miftahussurur, M., Subsomwong, P., Ahmed, F., Khan, A.A. and Yamaoka, Y., (2016).Helicobacter pylori antibiotic susceptibility
patterns in Bangladesh: Emerging levofloxacin resistance. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 10(03), pp.245-253.
4. Alsaimary, B. A. A. and I. E. (2020)‘Comparative Molecular Analysis of Meca, Sea and Seb Genes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)’, Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research, 2(3), pp. 1–8. doi: 10.47363/jbbr/2020(2)110.
5. Al-Sulami A, Al-Kiat HS, Bakker LK, Hunoon H(2008) ‘Primary isolation and detection of Helicobacter pylori from dyspeptic patients: A
simple, rapid method’, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 14(2), pp. 268–276.
6. Chang YW, Ko WJ, Oh CH, Park YM, Oh SJ, Moon JR, Cho JH, Kim JW, Jang JY. (2019)Clarithromycin resistance and female gender
affect Helicobacter pylori eradication failure in chronic gastritis. Korean J Intern Med. 2019 Sep;34(5):1022-1029. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.054. Epub 2018 Jun 14. PMID: 29898576; PMCID: PMC6718756.
7. Dang, B. N. and Graham, D. Y. (2017)‘Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance: A WHO high priority?’, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14(7), pp. 383–384. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.57.
8. Demir M, Gokturk HS, Ozturk NA, Arslan H, Serin E, Yilmaz U. (2009) ‘Clarithromycin resistance and efficacy of clarithromycincontaining triple eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients’, Southern Medical Journal, 102(11), pp. 1116–1120. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181bca538.
9. Eusebi, L. H., Zagari, R. M., & Bazzoli, F. (2014). Epidemiology of Helicobacter pyloriInfection. Helicobacter, pp.19, 1–5.
10. El- Zimaity H M, Al-Assi M T, Genta R M, and Graham D Y. (1995). Confirmation of successful therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection: number and site of biopsies or a rapid urease tets. Am J Gastroenterol; 90: 1962-1964.
11. Felsenstein J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783-791.
12. Francavilla, R., Lionetti, E., Castellaneta, S., Margiotta, M., Piscitelli, D., Lorenzo, L., Cavallo, L. and Ierardi, E., (2010).Clarithromycin-resistant genotypes and eradication of Helicobacter pylori. The Journal of pediatrics, 157(2), pp.228-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.007.
13. Gonzalez-Hormazabal, P. Musleh, M. Escandar, S. Valladares, H. Lanzarini, E. Castro, VG. Jara, L. and Berger, Z. (2018). Prevalence of
clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori in Santiago, Chile, estimated by real-time PCRdirectly from gastric mucosa. BMC Gastroenterol. Jun 20;18(1):91.
14. Hamid Dawood Alatbee, A. (2019) ‘High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Basra city Southern of Iraq’, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1279(1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1279/1/012073.
15. Hunt, R.H., Xiao, S.D., Megraud, F., Leon-Barua, R., Bazzoli, F., Van Der Merwe, S., Coelho, L.G., Fock, M., Fedail, S., Cohen, H. and
Malfertheiner, P., (2011). World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guideline Helicobacter pylori in Developing Countries. Journal of Clinical
Gastroenterology, 45(5), pp.383-388.
16. Iannone A, Giorgio F, Russo F, Riezzo G, Girardi B, Pricci M, Palmer SC, Barone M, Principi M, Strippoli GF, Di Leo A, Ierardi E. (2018) ‘New
fecal test for non-invasive Helicobacter pylori detection: A diagnostic accuracy study’, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(27), pp. 3021–3029. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i27.3021.
17. Ihsan Edan Abdulkareem AlSaimary (2012)‘Prevalence of β-lactamase producing and nonproducing Staphylococcus aureus associated with patients in intensive care unit’, International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 4(3), pp. 17–28. doi: 10.5897/ijmms11.087.
18. Itskoviz, D., Boltin, D., Leibovitzh, H., Tsadok Perets, T., Comaneshter, D., Cohen, A., Levi, Z. (2017). Smoking increases the likelihood of
Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. Digestive and Liver Disease, 49(7), PP. 764–768.
19. Jukes T.H. and Cantor C.R. (1969). Evolution of protein molecules. In Munro HN, editor, Mammalian Protein Metabolism, pp. 21-132, Academic Press, New York.
20. Kadhum Baqir, G., Al-Sulami, A. and Hamadi, S. S. (2016) ‘Relationship between ABO Blood Groups and Helicobacter Pylori Infection among
Patients with Dyspepsia’, Journal of Virology and Microbiology, 2016, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.5171/2016.688370.
21. Keikhaa,b,1 , Parvin Askari c,1 , Kiarash Ghazvini a,b , Mohsen Karbalaei d (2021)‘Levofloxacin-based therapy as an efficient alternative for eradicating Helicobacter pyloriinfection in Iran: a systematic review and metaanalysis’, Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 29, pp. 420–429. doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.019.
22. Kumar S., Stecher G., and Tamura K. (2016).MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33:1870-1874.
23. Kocazeybek B, Sakli MK, Yuksel P, Demirci M, Caliskan R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparison of new and classical point mutations associated with
clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from dyspeptic patients and their effects on phenotypic clarithromycin resistance’, Journal of Medical Microbiology, 68(4), pp. 566–573. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000944.
24. Khadangi, F., Yassi, M. and Kerachian, M. A. (2017) ‘Review: Diagnostic accuracy of PCRbased detection tests for Helicobacter Pylori in
stool samples’, Helicobacter, 22(6). doi: 10.1111/hel.12444.
25. Khademi, F. and Sahebkar, A. (2020) ‘An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic Resistance
in Iran (2010-2020)’, Microbial Drug Resistance, 26(10), pp. 1186–1194. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0088.
26. Kocsmár É, Buzás GM, Szirtes I, Kocsmár I, Kramer Z, Szijártó A, Fadgyas-Freyler P, Szénás K, Rugge M, Fassan M, Kiss A, Schaff Z, Röst G,
Lotz G. (2021) ‘Primary and secondary clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori and mathematical modeling of the role of macrolides’, Nature Communications, 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22557-7.
27. Malfertheiner, P, Megraud, F, O’Morain, CA, et al. (2017) ‘Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence consensus report’, Gut, 66(1), pp. 6–30. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl2016-312288.
28. McColl, K.E., (2010). Helicobacter pylori infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(17), pp.1597-1604.
29. Marrero Rolon R, Cunningham SA, Mandrekar JN, Polo ET, Patel R. (2021) Clinical Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous
Detection of Helicobacter pylori and Genotypic Markers of Clarithromycin Resistance Directly from Stool. J Clin Microbiol. 2021 Apr 20;59(5):e03040-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03040-20. Erratum in: J Clin Microbiol. 2022 Feb 16;60(2):e0245221. PMID: 33536295; PMCID: PMC8091827.
30. Mégraud, F. and Lehours, P. (2007).‘Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(2), pp. 280–322. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00033-06.
31. Moayyedi, P., Chalmers, D.M. and Axon, A.T.R., (1997). Patient factors that predict failure of omeprazole, clarithromycin, and tinidazole to
eradicate Helicobacter pylori. Journal of gastroenterology, 32(1), pp.24-27. doi: 10.1007/BF01213292. PMID: 9058291.
32. Miftahussurur M, Shrestha PK, Subsomwong P, Sharma RP, Yamaoka Y. (2016) ‘Emerging Helicobacter pylori levofloxacin resistance and
novel genetic mutation in Nepal’, BMC Microbiology, 16(1), pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12866-016-0873-6.
33. Meunier, O., Walter, P., Chamouard, P., Piemont, Y. and Monteil, H., (1997). Isolation of Helicobacter pylori: necessity of control oftransport conditions. Pathologie-biologie, 45(1), pp.82-85.
34. Marshall B J, Warren J R, Graham J F, Langton S R, and Goodwin C S, (1987). Rapid urease test in the management of Campylobacter pyloridisassociated gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol; 82: 200-210.
35. Nguyen, C.T., Davis, K.A., Nisly, S.A. and Li, J., (2019). Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in special patient populations. Pharmacotherapy:
The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 39(10), pp.1012-1022.
36. Savoldi A, Carrara E, Graham DY, Conti M, (2018) ‘Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobcater pylori: Revisón sistemática y
Metaanálisis en las Regiones de la OMS’, Gastroenterology,155(5),pp.1372–1382.Doi:10.10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.007.Prevalence.
37. Sezgin, O, Aydin, MK, Ozdemir, AA, et al.(2019) ‘Standard triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication in Turkey: Systematic
evaluation and meta-analysis of 10-year studies’, Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 30(5), pp. 420–435. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2019.18693.
38. Yu L, Luo L, Long X, et al. (2019). ‘High-dose PPI-amoxicillin dual therapy with or without bismuth for first-line Helicobacter pylori therapy:
A randomized trial’, Helicobacter, 24(4), pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1111/hel.12596.
39. Yakoob J, Abid S, Jafri W, Abbas Z, Mumtaz K, Hamid S, Ahmed R. (2013). ‘Low rate of recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection in
spite of high clarithromycin resistance in Pakistan’, BMC Gastroenterology, 13(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-13-33
40. Youssefi, M., Tafaghodi, M., Farsiani, H., Ghazvini, K. and Keikha, M., (2021).‘Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune diseases; Is there an association with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune atrophy gastritis and autoimmune pancreatitis? A systematic review and metaanalysis study’, Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 54(3), pp. 359–369. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.08.011.
41. Yu L, Luo L, Long X, et al. (2019). ‘High-dose PPI-amoxicillin dual therapy with or without bismuth for first-line Helicobacter pylori therapy:
A randomized trial’, Helicobacter, 24(4), pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1111/hel.12596.
42. ZADEH, Firoozeh Abolhasani, et al. Cytotoxicity evaluation of environmentally friendly synthesis Copper/Zinc bimetallic nanoparticles on MCF-7 cancer cells. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 2022, 1-7 .
43. ROHMAH, Martina Kurnia, et al. Modulatory role of dietary curcumin and resveratrol on growth performance, serum immunity responses,
mucus enzymes activity, antioxidant capacity and serum and mucus biochemicals in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to abamectin. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2022, 129: 221-230 .
44. ARIF, Anam, et al. The functions and molecular mechanisms of Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer.
International Immunopharmacology, 2023, 114: 109581 .
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Mar 26, 2023
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Raneem A. Kareem, Lamyaa kadhim baqer, & hayder mohsin jarullah. (2023). Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistant Genes to Clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori at Basrah, Iraq. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(4), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.04.018
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