A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SERUM LEVELS OF HbA1c, INTERLEUKIN-6 AND OXIDATIVE STRESS LEVELS AND THEIR CLINICAL CORRELATION IN DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Main Article Content
Keywords
diabetic foot ulcer, oxidative stress, lipid profile, 8-OHdG, IL-6, ELISA, HbA1c
Abstract
Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and insufficient antioxidant defense. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), affecting nearly 15% of individuals with diabetes, develop due to chronic hyperglycemia, impaired immune function, and secondary infections. Elevated inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) exacerbate oxidative stress, interfere with insulin signaling, and worsen complications including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Aims & Objectives: To study the association of serum levels of HbA1c, IL-6, (8-OHdG) and their clinical correlation in diabetic foot ulcer patients.
Methods: A total of 80 participants were enrolled and divided into two equal groups: Group I (n=40) with T2DM without DFU, and Group 2 (n=40) with T2DM and DFU. Blood samples were analyzed for random blood sugar (RBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and IL-6 levels.
Results: In the present study, Patients with DFU had significantly higher serum concentrations of 8-OHdG (97.57±6.2 ng/ml) and IL-6 (4.96±1.4 pg/ml) compared with diabetic patients without DFU (48.11±2.67 ng/ml and 2.66±1.44 pg/ml, respectively; p<0.05). Both markers showed a strong positive correlation with DFU severity, with correlation coefficient of (r) = 0.85 for 8-OHdG and (r) =0.81 for IL-6. In addition, RBS and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in DFU patients and these glycemic markers also correlated with ulcer grades.
Conclusion: Poor glycemic control is closely linked with elevated oxidative stress and inflammation in DFU patients. Biomarkers such as 8-OHdG and IL-6 may serve as valuable tools for identifying high-risk individuals and tailoring interventions. Incorporating oxidative stress monitoring into personalized treatment strategies could improve outcomes and reduce the burden of diabetes-related complications.
References
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
1. Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, et al. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):827-838. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827.
2. Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022 Dec 15;13(12):1106-1121. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1106.
3. Shah P, Inturi R, Anne D, et al. Wagner's Classification as a Tool for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Our Observations at a Suburban Teaching Hospital. Cureus. 2022 Jan 22;14(1):e21501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21501.
4. Lane KL, Abusamaan MS, Voss BF, et al. Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2020 Oct;34(10):107638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107638.
5. Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023 Aug 12;45(8):6651-6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420.
6. Ukaegbu K, Allen E, Svoboda KKH. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int Wound J. 2025 May;22(5):e70330. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70330.
7. Ye X, Jiang R, Zhang Q, et al. Increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA from patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. J Int Med Res. 2016 Jun;44(3):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515621530.
8. Johnson BZ, Stevenson AW, Prêle CM, et al. The Role of IL-6 in Skin Fibrosis and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines. 2020 Apr 30;8(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050101.
9. Sullivan KM, Dean A, Soe MM. OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):471-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400320.
10. Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. Ann Med. 2017 Mar;49(2):106-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
11. Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 15;2018:7631659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631659.
12. Fesseha BK, Abularrage CJ, Hines KF, et al. Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1478-1485. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1683.
13. Raja JM, Maturana MA, Kayali S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities. World J Clin Cases. 2023 Mar 16;11(8):1684-1693. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684.
14. Akyuz S, Bahcecioglu Mutlu AB, Guven HE, et al. Elevated HbA1c level associated with disease severity and surgical extension in diabetic foot patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023 Sep;29(9):1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2023.08939.
15. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J: Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic foot and its correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2015, 6:571. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000571.
16. Ozenç S, Simsek K, Yildirim AO, et al.: Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin A levels. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013, 123:513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1921.
17. Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, et al. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;11(10):2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102071.
18. Zitouni K, Steyn M, Lewis J, et al. Variation in Arterial Stiffness and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Ethnic Groups. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(7):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070858.
19. Rahimi M, Soufi FG, Koochakkhani S, et al. The Association Between Subclinical Atherosclerosis Serum Markers and Oxidative DNA Damage in Normoglycemic Normotolerant Offspring of Diabetic Parents. J Diabetes. 2025 Aug;17(8):e70133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70133.
20. Yousef H, Khandoker AH, Feng SF, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of type II diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 13;14:1173402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1173402.
21. Korkmaz P, Koak H, Onbas K, et al. The Role of Serum Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen Levels in Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 21;2018:7104352. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352.
22. Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Plasma adiponectin, IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α levels in subject with diabetic foot and their correlation with clinical variables in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):769-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100672.
23. Suzuki T, Imai J, Yamada T, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: potential involvement of the PLC-IP3-dependent pathway. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):537-47. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0796.
24. Karakas A, Arslan E, Cakmak T, et al. Predictive Value of Soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin For Lower Extremity Amputation in People with Diabetes with Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):578-82. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4575.
25. Wang S, Gao L, Qin X, et al. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in evaluating disease severity in diabetic foot infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1606612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606612.
26. Massaccesi L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766
27. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, et al. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987.
28. Nyamadzawo AT, Nishio J, Ogawa T, et al. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Among Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;8(7):e70935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70935.
29. Weinberg Sibony R, Segev O, Dor S, et al . Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2024 Oct;16(10):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70014.
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Apr 07, 2026
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How to Cite
Sangamesh B Tondare, Shradha S Tondare, Harish G Bagewadi, Shivprasad S, Renuka S Melkundi, Rohini Kallur, & Shivalee A. (2026). A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SERUM LEVELS OF HbA1c, INTERLEUKIN-6 AND OXIDATIVE STRESS LEVELS AND THEIR CLINICAL CORRELATION IN DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.53555/nqg25c28
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Author Biographies
Sangamesh B Tondare
Assistant Professor1- Department of General Surgery, Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalaburagi.
Shradha S Tondare
Assistant Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalaburagi.
Harish G Bagewadi
Associate Professor- Department of Pharmacology, Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalaburagi.
Shivprasad S
Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalaburagi.
Renuka S Melkundi
Professor & HOD Department of ENT, Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalaburagi
Rohini Kallur
Research Scientist Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, GIMS, Kalaburagi.
Shivalee A
Research Scientist Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, GIMS, Kalaburagi.
How to Cite
Sangamesh B Tondare, Shradha S Tondare, Harish G Bagewadi, Shivprasad S, Renuka S Melkundi, Rohini Kallur, & Shivalee A. (2026). A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SERUM LEVELS OF HbA1c, INTERLEUKIN-6 AND OXIDATIVE STRESS LEVELS AND THEIR CLINICAL CORRELATION IN DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.53555/nqg25c28
