LEVERAGING AI AND CRISPR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY TO COMBAT HPV-INDUCED CERVICAL CANCER: CURRENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
This review explores the synergistic integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies in biotechnology to address human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical cancer, a major global health challenge. By targeting HPV oncogenes i.e. E6 and E7, CRISPR offers a precision oncology approach to restore tumour suppressor functions, while AI enhances the design and optimization of these therapies. We synthesize recent advancements, including clinical trials, AI-driven guide RNA design, and biotechnological applications, while addressing challenges like off-target effects and ethical concerns. This review highlights the transformative potential of these technologies in virology and oncology, with a focus on future directions for personalized cancer treatments.
References
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3. Chung, S. H., Kim, H.S., & Lee, M. (2022). HPV-induced carcinogenesis: Dual virologic and host-driven mechanisms. Journal of Virology, 96(15), e00378-22.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00378-22
4. Clarke, M.A., et al. (2020). Human papillomavirus DNA versus messenger RNA testing in cervical screening. Journal of Clinical Virology, 129, 104556.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104556
5. Doorbar, J., et al. (2015). The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Virology, 445(1–2), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.006
6. Drolet, M., Bénard, É., et al. (2019). Population-level impact and herd effects following HPV vaccination programs: Updated meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(5), 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30736-4
7. McBride, A.A. (2021). Oncogenic human papillomaviruses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1835), 20200269. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0269
8. Schiffman, M., et al. (2016). Carcinogenic human papillomavirus infection. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 20(1), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000216
9. Stevanović, S., et al. (2015). Adoptive T-cell therapy targeting HPV oncoproteins in HPV-associated epithelial cancers. Science Translational Medicine, 7(283), 283ra52. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aac0246
10. Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., et al. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide. CA: Cancer J Clin, 71(3), 209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
11. Wang, L., et al. (2023). AI-empowered genome editing for HPV-driven cancers. Trends in Biotechnology, 41(6), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.007
12. World Health Organization. (2023). Cervical cancer fact sheet – IARC GLOBOCAN 2022. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/23-Cervix-uteri-fact-sheet.pdf
13. Alanis-Lobato, G., Zohren, J., McCarthy, A., Fogarty, N. M. E., & Niakan, K. K. (2023). Genome editing safety of CRISPR-Cas systems: Minimizing off-target effects. Nature Reviews Genetics, 24(4), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-023-00577-0
14. Chen, L., & Wang, Y. (2024). CRISPR-modified T cells for HPV-related cancers: Evolving from immune concept to therapeutic reality. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, 1130521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1130521
15. Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Yu, H., et al. (2024). Cervical cell-targeted lipid nanoparticle delivery of CRISPR/Cas for HPV gene silencing. Nature Biotechnology, 42(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-00821-6
16. Doultsinos, D., Li, M., Singh, S., & Yu, H. (2022). AI-driven optimization of delivery systems for precision genome editing. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 6(9), 943–958. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00891-z
17. Guan, Z., Liu, X., Wang, H., et al. (2024). Targeting HPV oncogenes using CRISPR/Cas9 restores tumor suppressor pathways in cervical cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine, 22(18), 145. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-04578-2
18. Hu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Sun, J. (2023). CRISPR-mediated targeting of HPV E6/E7 shows therapeutic potential in cervical carcinoma models. Molecular Therapy – Nucleic Acids, 33, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.015
19. Jubair, L., Fallaha, S., & McMillan, N. A. J. (2019). Systemic delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting HPV eliminates tumors in murine models. Molecular Therapy, 27(12), 2100–2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.013
20. Lee, D., Chen, J., & Wang, L. (2024). Using CRISPR-based tools to investigate viral-host genome interactions in HPV-related cancers. Virology Reports, 10, 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virolrep.2023.100215
21. Liu, Y., Zhang, H., & Cao, X. (2023). Advances in genome editing for HPV-induced malignancies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 10103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms240210103
22. Munir, A., Ul-Haq, Z., Arif, A., & Rana, M. (2024). Genome editing for therapeutic vaccination against HPV: A new frontier. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 20(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_241_23
23. Sato, Y., Yamada, A., & Nakamura, M. (2022). AAV-mediated CRISPR delivery targeting HPV leads to suppression of cervical cancer progression. Scientific Reports, 12, 21568. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25521-9
24. Wang, L., Zhou, J., Tang, H., et al. (2023). Intelligent delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 with synthetic vectors. Trends in Biotechnology, 41(3), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.007
25. Xu, H., Lin, X., & Zhao, M. (2023). AI-assisted precision design of guide RNAs for HPV gene targeting. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 21, 660–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.011
26. Zhen, W., Yang, L., & Tang, H. (2024). Cas9-based targeting of HPV E6/E7 in HeLa cells: Implications for tumor suppression. Cancers, 16(3), 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16030489
27. Zhao, Y., Wang, M., & Zhang, X. (2020). Efficient AAV vector–mediated CRISPR/Cas9 targeting HPV oncogenes: Potential and limitations. Molecular Biotechnology, 62, 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-020-00254-z
28. Bruni, L., Saura-Lázaro, A., Montoliu, A., Brotons, M., Alemany, L., & de Sanjosé, S. (2023). Human papillomavirus and related diseases: Summary report 2023. ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre. https://hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/XWX.pdf
29. Doultsinos, D., Li, M., Singh, S., & Yu, H. (2022). AI-augmented design of gene therapies for virus-associated cancers. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 6(9), 943–958. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00891-z
30. Kim, D., Bae, S., Jung, K. et al. (2023). DeepCRISPR: an AI platform for accurate guide RNA prediction. Nature Machine Intelligence, 5(5), 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00601-4
31. Kim, E., Newman, J. A., Zhang, L., & Lawrence, D. H. (2024). Reinforcement learning models for strategic multiplexed genome editing. Bioinformatics Advances, 3(1), vbad124. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioadv/vbad124
32. National Cancer Institute. (2025). AI predicts response to CRISPR-based therapy in HPV-positive cancers. Cancer Currents. https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2025/ai-predicts-crispr-response
33. Nguyen, T., Lin, D., & Zhao, Y. (2024). Mapping immunologic changes in cervical tumors using AI-driven CRISPR simulations. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, 1048517. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1048517
34. Premier Science. (2025). Clinical evaluation of AINU and CerviScan-AI for cervical cancer detection. Premier Journal of Science, 24(7), 474. https://premierscience.com/pjs-24-474/
35. Rahman, H., Liao, T., & Kang, M. (2023). Multiplex CRISPR therapy targeting HPV and host co-factors in cancer. Molecular Therapy–Oncolytics, 29, 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omto.2023.04.017
36. Shin, W., Barman, R., & Li, X. (2024). HPV integration mapping and AI-guided CRISPR targeting enhance diagnostic accuracy. Virology Journal, 21(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-024-02055-1
37. Soni, A., Rosario, C., & Benson, S. (2024). Time-optimized CRISPR-Cas9 delivery in proliferative tumors: An AI approach. Trends in Cancer, 10(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2024.01.005
38. Tseng, P., Hou, Q., & Li, Y. (2024). Integrative single-cell analysis improves CRISPR-based therapy personalization. Nature Biotechnology, 42(2), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-00871-8
39. Wang, L., Zhou, J., Tang, H., et al. (2023). Smart delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 for virus-driven tumors. Trends in Biotechnology, 41(3), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.007
40. Xu, H., Lin, X., & Zhao, M. (2023). AI-assisted precision design in CRISPR therapeutics for HPV-related cancers. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 21, 660–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.011
41. Zhao, M., & Liu, Y. (2023). Machine learning strategies for personalizing CRISPR-Cas therapies in cervical cancer. Translational Oncology, 27, 101580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101580
42. Zhou, Y., Singh, R., & Patel, Y. (2025). Deep learning–guided CRISPR gRNAs for HPV gene targeting in cervical cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine, 23(4), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-04317-w
43. Anzalone, A. V., Koblan, L. W., & Liu, D. R. (2022). Genome editing with CRISPR–Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors. Nature Biotechnology, 40(7), 1033–1043. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-021-01156-8
44. Bruni, L. et al. (2023). Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers in the World. ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre. https://hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/XWX.pdf
45. Fatumo, S., Emmanuel, M., Chikowore, T., et al. (2022). Promoting the genomic revolution in Africa through educational reform and capacity building. Nature Genetics, 54(4), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01055-4
46. Ghassemi, M., Oakden-Rayner, L., & Beam, A. L. (2021). The false hope of current approaches to explainable artificial intelligence in health care. The Lancet Digital Health, 3(11), e745–e750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00208-9
47. Haeussler, M., & Concordet, J. P. (2023). Genome editing: Accuracy matters. Nature Reviews Genetics, 24(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-022-00517-1
48. Jasanoff, S., Hurlbut, J. B., & Saha, K. (2021). CRISPR democracy: Gene editing and the need for inclusive deliberation. Issues in Science and Technology, 37(4), 25–30.
49. Kim, H., Kim, D., Jung, K., et al. (2023). AI-powered prediction of CRISPR off-target activity using high-resolution genomic modeling. Genome Biology, 24(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02791-w
50. Lanphier, E., Urnov, F., Haecker, S. E., Werner, M., & Smolenski, J. (2015). Don’t edit the human germ line. Nature, 519(7544), 410–411. https://doi.org/10.1038/519410a
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Nov 20, 2025
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Adhish Mishra, & Vivek Gupta. (2025). LEVERAGING AI AND CRISPR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY TO COMBAT HPV-INDUCED CERVICAL CANCER: CURRENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(10), 1005-1020. https://doi.org/10.53555/n0ztwr67
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Author Biographies
Adhish Mishra
M.Sc Virology, Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Noida.
Vivek Gupta
B.Sc (H) Lifesciences, Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Noida.
How to Cite
Adhish Mishra, & Vivek Gupta. (2025). LEVERAGING AI AND CRISPR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY TO COMBAT HPV-INDUCED CERVICAL CANCER: CURRENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(10), 1005-1020. https://doi.org/10.53555/n0ztwr67