METABOLIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ELDERLY PRIMIGRAVIDAE AND MULTIGRAVIDAE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM BALUCHISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Serum Cholesterol, Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index, Primigravida, Multigravida
Abstract
Background: Western industrialized countries are seeing a steadily rising trend in pregnancies at advanced maternal age (AMA, i.e. from age 35 upwards), and same goes true for developing countries. At present, AMA has long been looked askance at because of its linkage with the high incidence rate of pregnancy complications. However, whether maternal age leads to concomitant changes in metabolic characteristics during pregnancy is still unknown. Moreover, no materials have yet been reported from Baluchistan area of Pakistan where the present study was carried out.
Objective: To compare the serum cholesterol levels, blood glucose, and BMI between elderly primigravidae (the first pregnancy) or multigravidae in mid second trimester.
Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out from January to April 2023 at three hospitals in Turbat, Baluchistan. Subjects for the investigation included 272 pregnant women aged 35 years and over (132 primigravidae and 140 multigravidae). Sociodemographic data, obstetric history and mid-second trimester laboratory findings (serum lipids, HbA1c, and BMI) were collected and analyzed.
Results: Average age was 36. 8 ± 1.7 years for primigravidae and 37.5 ± 2.1 years for multigravidae. Hypertension and diabetes were more prevalent among multigravidae (22.1% and 18.6%) than primigravidae (16.7% and 12.1%). Multigravidae had higher mean BMI (27.3 ± 3.5 kg /m² vs. 26.1 ± 3. 2 kg/m²), total cholesterol (217.8 ± 31.4 mg/dL vs. 205.5 ± 28.3 mg/dL), LDL (134.7 ± 25.1 mg/dL vs. 126.4 ± 22.6 mg/dL), triglycerides (175.5 ± 34.1 mg/dL vs. 162.1 ± 30.6 mg/dL) and HbA1c (5.9% ± 0.8 vs. 5. 6% ± 0.7), but lower HDL. Hemoglobin levels were also slightly lower for multigravidae.
Conclusion: Aging multigravidae have a worse obesity-adjusted metabolic profile than primigravidae s. Elderly women with kids must be carefully monitored and educated, as shown by the findings with senescence underscored in pregnancy.
References
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27. Karmakar S, Brinta MT. Assessing the Impact of Chronic Hypertension on Renal Function: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):66-71.
28. Dutta B, Dutta T, Rima US, Islam J, Roy A, Mim SI, Ferdaus F. Burden of Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Rural Females: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):72-9.
29. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Sultana T, Ferdaus F. Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Practices Among NonMedical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):80-6.
30. Islam AI, Ahammed E, Nisa NA, Mim AA, Akhter FB, Amin F. Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Risk Factors Related to Breast and Cervical Cancer Among Female Medical Students in Comilla, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):1-9.
31. Ahammed E, Islam MA, Akhter FB, Mim AA, Amin F, Nisa NA. Elderly Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases in Bangladesh: An Examination of Comorbidities, Hospital Stay, and Mortality. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):10-16.
32. Joty RB, Junhai GR, Moslem S, Topu MH, Della NA, Ferdaus F. Prevalence and Social Factors Influencing ADHD and Comorbidities in Bangladeshi Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):17-25.
33. Della NA, Moslem S, Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Ferdaus F. Assessing Nutritional Status and Health Outcomes of Children in SalineProne Areas: A Comprehensive Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):26-32.
34. Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Moslem S, Della NA, Mahmud MR, Morshed R, Ferdaus F. Epidemiology of Gallbladder Stones in Youth: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Contributing Variables. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):33-40.
35. Islam RZ, Tasnim F, Howlader B, Sifuddin M, Parveen K. Risk Factors, Health-Seeking Behavior, Attitudes, and Knowledge Regarding Cervical Carcinoma Among Rural Women in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):41-46.
36. Sakib N, Khan AR, Parveen K, Karmakar S, Setu SR. Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Contributing Factors in Young Children: A Comprehensive Study of Growth, Health, and Socioeconomic Influences in Khulna’s Kindergarten Schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):47-54.
37. Islam RZ, Das S, Harun JB, Das N, Ferdaus F. Comparative Analysis of Serum Creatinine and Albuminuria as Biomarkers for Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):55-62.
38. Sharmin Z, Mumu KF, Tura FA, Huda SA, Dutta S. Influence of Food Hygiene Practices on Diarrheal Incidence Among Children of Working Mothers in Gazipur District, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):63-71.
39. Schreiber R. Exploring Novel Biomarkers for Predicting Response to Combination Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer. Pacific Journal of Oncology & Immunotherapy. 2024 31;1(1):13-21.
40. van der Burg SH. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Vaccines in Treating Metastatic Melanoma Using Immune Modulation. Pacific Journal of Oncology & Immunotherapy. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):22-30.
41. Uddin N, Hill TC. Predictive Modeling of Surgical Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery. Pacific Journal of Spine & Neurosurgery. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):4-12.
42. Rahman M, Tarik M, Stefan G. Correlation of Inflammatory Markers and Post-Surgical Complications in Spine Surgery: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Pacific Journal of Spine & Neurosurgery. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):31-8.
43. Parveen M, Sharmin S, Yeasmin F, Hasan H. Nutritional Modulation of Potassium Intake in Warfarin-Treated Patients: A Clinical Assessment. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024. 31;1(1):25-35
44. Adhikari EH. Advanced MRI Mapping Using Diffusion-Weighted and T2 HASTE Sequences in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders: Histopathological and Surgical Correlation Analysis. Pacific Journal of Advanced Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022 Dec 31;1(1):30-8.
45. Smith RP. Impact of Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling on Anti-Müllerian Hormone, Ovulatory Function, and Folliculogenesis in Clomiphene-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Pacific Journal of Advanced Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022 Dec 31;1(1):21-9.
46. Sunny M, Bulbul KA, Khan MN, Rashid M, Rahman MA, Kaisar M. Relationship of LDL and HDL Among Patients Suffering Acute Myocardial Infarct. Pacific Journal of Cardiovascular Innovations. 2025 Jun 1;3(1):4- 8.
47. Curtis LH. Longitudinal Assessment of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain and NT-proBNP in Predicting Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Pacific Journal of Cardiovascular Innovations. 2023 Dec 31;1(1):20-7.
48. Haque, A., Rahman, S., Hasan H., Clinical Correlation Between Preoperative Nutrition Status and AVF Surgical Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5 Patients. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024 1; (1); 15-24
49. Mumu KF, Huda SA, Tura FA, Dutta S, Sharmin Z. Mobile Device Dependency and Its Association with Eye Disorders and Mood Changes in Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):71-80.
50. Rahman M, Islam T, Morshed R, Islam J, Tasnim F, Parveen K, Ferdaus F. Association Between Anemia and Pregnancy Complications in Elderly Primigravidae: Insights from Urban Hospitals. Asia Pac J Med Innov. ;2(2):4- 10.
2. Tanbo T (2008) Is fertility of the population changed? Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 128:330–333
3. Seoud MA, Nassar AH, Usta IM, Melhem Z, Kazma A, Khalil AM (2002) Impact of advanced maternal age on pregnancy outcome. Am J Perinatol 19:1–8
4. Hoyert DL, Danel I, Tully P (2000) Maternal mortality, United States and Canada, 1982– 1997. Birth 27:4–11
5. Jolly M, Sebire N, Harris J, Robinson S, Regan L (2000) The risks associated with pregnancy in women aged 35 years or older. Hum Reprod 15:2433–2437
6. Chan BC, Lao TT (2008) Effect of parity and advanced maternal age on obstetric outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 102:237–241
7. Jacobsson B, Ladfors L, Milsom I (2004) Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 104:727–733
8. Bianco A, Stone J, Lynch L, Lapinski R, Berkowitz G, Berkowitz RL (1996) Pregnancy outcome at age 40 and older. Obstet Gynecol 87:917–922
9. Suzuki S, Miyake H (2008) Obstetric outcomes in nulliparous women aged 35 and over with singleton pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization. Arch Gynecol Obstet 277:225–227
10. Callaway LK, Lust K, McIntyre HD (2005) Pregnancy outcomes in women of very advanced maternal age. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 45:12–16
11. Kale A, Kuyumcuoglu U, Guzel A (2009) Is pregnancy over 45 with very high parity related with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes? Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 36:120–122
12. Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE (2002) Mean age of mother, 1970–2000. Natl Vital Stat Rep 51:1–13
13. Asha ABZ, Babunty RBZ,Parveen M,Ferdaus F. Evaluating the Influence of Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus on Hematological and Urinary Biomarkers in Young Adults. Asia Pac J Med Innov. ;2(2):18-23.
14. Hasan, H., Rahman, M. H. ., Haque, M. A., Rahman, M. S. ., Ali, M. S. ., & Sultana, S. . (2024). Nutritional Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Renal Diet. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations, 1(1), 34-40.
15. Begum N, Hriday MSH, Haque SA, Riipa MB. Enhancing Energy Management in Industries through MIS and Data Analytics Integration. Lett High Energy Phys. 2024 11(4):7255–7269.
16. Shaikat FB, Islam R, Happy AT, Faysal SA. Optimization of Production Scheduling in Smart Manufacturing Environments Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Lett High Energy Phys. 2025 12(1):1–15.
17. Chowdhury NR, Moname EJ, Al Azad G, Hani U, Nazmin F, Ferdaus F. Interplay Between Malnutrition and Infectious Diseases Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):41-7
18. Parveen M, Sharmin S, Yeasmin F, Hasan H. Nutritional Modulation of Potassium Intake in Warfarin-Treated Patients: A Clinical Assessment. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):25-35.
19. Azad GA, Moname EJ, Chowdhury NR, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Co-Morbidity Landscape in Cancer Patients: NonCommunicable Disease Burden and Trends. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):48-54.
20. Nazmin F, Roy A, Bushra T, Retina IJ, Arnab KsH, Ferdaus F. Exploring the Prevalence and Social Determinants of ADHD and Comorbidities Among Urban School Aged Children in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):61-74.
21. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Ferdaus F. Work Life Balance and Its Influence on Physical and Mental Health Among Female Teachers of Public University in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):68-75
22. Mondal S, Arnab KH, Retina IJ, Bushra T, Roy A, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Mental Health Status and Stress Factors Among Junior Doctors in Public Hospitals in Bangladesh A Cross Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):39-43.
23. Bushra T, Mondal S, Nazmin F, Arnab KH, Tisa AH, Roy A, Ferdaus F. Burden of Peptic Ulcer Disease Among Smoking and Non-Smoking Healthcare Providers A Comparative CrossSectional Study in Gazipur, Dhaka. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):44-50.
24. Rima US, Islam J, Mim SI, Roy A, Dutta T, Dutta B, Ferdaus FF. Co-Infection of Tuberculosis and Diabetes: Implications for Treatment and Management. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):51-8.
25. Haque A, Rahman S, Hasan H. Clinical Correlation Between Preoperative Nutrition Status and AVF Surgical Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5 Patients. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):15-24.
26. Arnab KH, Nazmin F, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Bushra T. Perceptions and Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening Among Women in Slum Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):59-65.
27. Karmakar S, Brinta MT. Assessing the Impact of Chronic Hypertension on Renal Function: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):66-71.
28. Dutta B, Dutta T, Rima US, Islam J, Roy A, Mim SI, Ferdaus F. Burden of Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Rural Females: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):72-9.
29. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Sultana T, Ferdaus F. Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Practices Among NonMedical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):80-6.
30. Islam AI, Ahammed E, Nisa NA, Mim AA, Akhter FB, Amin F. Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Risk Factors Related to Breast and Cervical Cancer Among Female Medical Students in Comilla, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):1-9.
31. Ahammed E, Islam MA, Akhter FB, Mim AA, Amin F, Nisa NA. Elderly Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases in Bangladesh: An Examination of Comorbidities, Hospital Stay, and Mortality. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):10-16.
32. Joty RB, Junhai GR, Moslem S, Topu MH, Della NA, Ferdaus F. Prevalence and Social Factors Influencing ADHD and Comorbidities in Bangladeshi Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):17-25.
33. Della NA, Moslem S, Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Ferdaus F. Assessing Nutritional Status and Health Outcomes of Children in SalineProne Areas: A Comprehensive Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):26-32.
34. Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Moslem S, Della NA, Mahmud MR, Morshed R, Ferdaus F. Epidemiology of Gallbladder Stones in Youth: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Contributing Variables. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):33-40.
35. Islam RZ, Tasnim F, Howlader B, Sifuddin M, Parveen K. Risk Factors, Health-Seeking Behavior, Attitudes, and Knowledge Regarding Cervical Carcinoma Among Rural Women in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):41-46.
36. Sakib N, Khan AR, Parveen K, Karmakar S, Setu SR. Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Contributing Factors in Young Children: A Comprehensive Study of Growth, Health, and Socioeconomic Influences in Khulna’s Kindergarten Schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):47-54.
37. Islam RZ, Das S, Harun JB, Das N, Ferdaus F. Comparative Analysis of Serum Creatinine and Albuminuria as Biomarkers for Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):55-62.
38. Sharmin Z, Mumu KF, Tura FA, Huda SA, Dutta S. Influence of Food Hygiene Practices on Diarrheal Incidence Among Children of Working Mothers in Gazipur District, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):63-71.
39. Schreiber R. Exploring Novel Biomarkers for Predicting Response to Combination Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer. Pacific Journal of Oncology & Immunotherapy. 2024 31;1(1):13-21.
40. van der Burg SH. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Vaccines in Treating Metastatic Melanoma Using Immune Modulation. Pacific Journal of Oncology & Immunotherapy. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):22-30.
41. Uddin N, Hill TC. Predictive Modeling of Surgical Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery. Pacific Journal of Spine & Neurosurgery. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):4-12.
42. Rahman M, Tarik M, Stefan G. Correlation of Inflammatory Markers and Post-Surgical Complications in Spine Surgery: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Pacific Journal of Spine & Neurosurgery. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):31-8.
43. Parveen M, Sharmin S, Yeasmin F, Hasan H. Nutritional Modulation of Potassium Intake in Warfarin-Treated Patients: A Clinical Assessment. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024. 31;1(1):25-35
44. Adhikari EH. Advanced MRI Mapping Using Diffusion-Weighted and T2 HASTE Sequences in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders: Histopathological and Surgical Correlation Analysis. Pacific Journal of Advanced Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022 Dec 31;1(1):30-8.
45. Smith RP. Impact of Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling on Anti-Müllerian Hormone, Ovulatory Function, and Folliculogenesis in Clomiphene-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Pacific Journal of Advanced Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022 Dec 31;1(1):21-9.
46. Sunny M, Bulbul KA, Khan MN, Rashid M, Rahman MA, Kaisar M. Relationship of LDL and HDL Among Patients Suffering Acute Myocardial Infarct. Pacific Journal of Cardiovascular Innovations. 2025 Jun 1;3(1):4- 8.
47. Curtis LH. Longitudinal Assessment of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain and NT-proBNP in Predicting Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Pacific Journal of Cardiovascular Innovations. 2023 Dec 31;1(1):20-7.
48. Haque, A., Rahman, S., Hasan H., Clinical Correlation Between Preoperative Nutrition Status and AVF Surgical Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5 Patients. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024 1; (1); 15-24
49. Mumu KF, Huda SA, Tura FA, Dutta S, Sharmin Z. Mobile Device Dependency and Its Association with Eye Disorders and Mood Changes in Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):71-80.
50. Rahman M, Islam T, Morshed R, Islam J, Tasnim F, Parveen K, Ferdaus F. Association Between Anemia and Pregnancy Complications in Elderly Primigravidae: Insights from Urban Hospitals. Asia Pac J Med Innov. ;2(2):4- 10.
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Jul 28, 2023
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Nusrat Ullah Khan, Habib ur Rehman, Wazir Ahmed Baloch, Syed Nisar Ahmed Shah, Taqia Fouzia, Irfan Sikander, & Adil Adam. (2023). METABOLIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ELDERLY PRIMIGRAVIDAE AND MULTIGRAVIDAE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM BALUCHISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(8), 680-688. https://doi.org/10.53555/1jxcsx19
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Author Biographies
Nusrat Ullah Khan
Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Mekran Medical College, Turbat.
Habib ur Rehman
Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Mekran Medical College, Turbat.
Wazir Ahmed Baloch
Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mekran Medical College, Turbat.
Syed Nisar Ahmed Shah
Lecturer, Department of Pathology, Mekran Medical College, Turbat.
Taqia Fouzia
Assistant Professor, Pathology Department, SMBBMU, Lyari
Irfan Sikander
Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, Mekran Medical College, Turbat.
Adil Adam
Assistant professor, Biochemistry Department, Mekran Medical College, Turbat.
How to Cite
Nusrat Ullah Khan, Habib ur Rehman, Wazir Ahmed Baloch, Syed Nisar Ahmed Shah, Taqia Fouzia, Irfan Sikander, & Adil Adam. (2023). METABOLIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ELDERLY PRIMIGRAVIDAE AND MULTIGRAVIDAE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM BALUCHISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(8), 680-688. https://doi.org/10.53555/1jxcsx19