Evaluation of serum leptin levels in hypertensive men in Thi Qar City-Iraq (a comparative study)
Main Article Content
Keywords
Leptin, Body Fat Percentage, Blood Pressure, Hypertension, Lipid profile
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone secreted from adipose tissue, is closely related to inflammatory, metabolic, and homeostasis factors. This hormone has also been shown to perform a significant involvement in the development of hypertension. This study aimed to measure serum leptin levels and lipid profiles in hypertensive males and compare them with control healthy males that were congruent with age and
BMI. The current study included 50 subjects from Thi Qar city people, and it was divided into two groups. The first group included 25 hypertensive adult male patients who had BMI (Mean±SD 27.98±2.9), while the second group included 25 healthy adults males as a control group who had BMI (Mean±SD 27.41±3.5). The current study included evaluating serum leptin and lipid profile of studied
groups after 8-12 hours of fasting state. It was found that the level of leptin was high significant variance in hypertensive adults males compared to the healthy control group (22.4±3.4ng/ml against 13.9±1.6 ng/ml, respectively; p<0.03), A good correlation was also found between leptin levels and systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and body fat percentage ( r=0.648, r=0.506, and r=0.490, respectively). It was also found that moreover male patients had a bad Lipid profile when compared to the healthy control group
References
1. Buck, C. O., Eliot, M. N., Kelsey, K. T., Chen, A., Kalkwarf, H., Lanphear, B. P., & Braun, J. M. (2019). Neonatal adipocytokines and longitudinal patterns of childhood growth. Obesity, 27(8), 1323-1330. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22519.
2. Henry, S. L., Barzel, B., Wood‐Bradley, R. J., Burke, S. L., Head, G. A., & Armitage, J. A. (2012). Developmental origins of obesity‐related
hypertension. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 39(9), 799-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440- 1681.2011.05579.x.
3. Ghanem, H. B., Elsheikh, M., El-Benhawy, S. A., & Shahba, A. (2019). Adipocytokines, inflammatory, epigenetic instability & angiogenesis biomarkers in type 2 diabetic Egyptian women with breast cancer. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.005.
4. Yonis R.A. and Al-Doski F.S.(2013) serum leptin, estradiol and testosterone concentration in normal healthy fertile women with different weights. Tikret Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 9(2): 231-244. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/4da72909d f50e646.
5. Yarandi, S. S., Hebbar, G., Sauer, C. G., Cole, C. R., & Ziegler, T. R. (2011). Diverse roles of leptin in the gastrointestinal tract: modulation of motility, absorption, growth, and inflammation. Nutrition, 27(3), 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.004.
6. Zhang, J., & Wang, N. (2014). Leptin in chronic kidney disease: a link between hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and nutrition. International urology and nephrology, 46, 1169-1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-013-0623-8.
7. Pérez-Pérez, A., Vilariño-García, T., FernándezRiejos, P., Martín-González, J., Segura-Egea, J. J., & Sánchez-Margalet, V. (2017). Role of leptin as a link between metabolism and the immune system. Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 35, 71-84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.03.001.
8. Pérez-Pérez, A., Sánchez-Jiménez, F., VilariñoGarcía, T., & Sánchez-Margalet, V. (2020). Role of leptin in inflammation and vice versa. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(16), 5887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165887.
9. Cichon, I., Ortmann, W., Santocki, M., OpydoChanek, M., & Kolaczkowska, E. (2021). Scrutinizing Mechanisms of the ‘Obesity Paradox
in Sepsis’: Obesity Is Accompanied by Diminished Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Due to Restricted Neutrophil–Platelet Interactions. Cells, 10(2), 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020384.
10. Koenen, M., Hill, M. A., Cohen, P., & Sowers, J. R. (2021). Obesity, adipose tissue and vascular dysfunction. Circulation research, 128(7), 951-968. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.3180 93.
11. Hall, J. E., Mouton, A. J., da Silva, A. A., Omoto, A. C., Wang, Z., Li, X., & do Carmo, J. M. (2021). Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and
inflammation: interactions in hypertension. Cardiovascular Research, 117(8), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa336.
12. Goswami, B., Bhattacharjya, H., Sengupta, S., & Bhattacharjee, B. (2020). Associations of obesity and serum leptin level with elevated blood pressure among urban secondary school students of a northeastern city of India: A baseline observation. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(3), 1442. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjfmpc.jfmpc_1118_ 19 .
13. Cooper, A. J., Gupta, S. R., Moustafa, A. F., & Chao, A. M. (2021). Sex/gender differences in obesity prevalence, comorbidities, and
treatment. Current obesity reports, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00453-x.
14. Dessie, G., Ayelign, B., Akalu, Y., Shibabaw, T., & Molla, M. D. (2021). Effect of leptin on chronic inflammatory disorders: insights to therapeutic target to prevent further cardiovascular complication. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 3307-3322. https://doi.org10.2147/DMSO.S321311.
15. Al-Fartosy, A. J. M., Awad, N. A., & Alsalimi, S. A. (2021). Clinical markers and some trace elements in patients with type-2 diabetic
nephropathy: Impact of insulin resistance. The Journal of Medical Investigation, 68(1.2), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.68.76.
16. Adiga, U., NanditPB, S. A., Rai, T., & Desy, T. M. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Study On The Association Of Leptin Gene Polymorphism And
Metabolic Parameters In Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(7), 3669-3680.
https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/11984/7787.
17. Sabi, E. M., Bin Dahman, L. S., Mohammed, A. K., Sumaily, K. M., & Al-Daghri, N. M. (2022). -2548G> A LEP Polymorphism Is Positively
Associated with Increased Leptin and Glucose Levels in Obese Saudi Patients Irrespective of Blood Pressure Status. Medicina, 58(3), 346.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030346.
18. Schwotzer, N., Burnier, M., Maillard, M., Bovet, P., Paccaud, F., Bochud, M., & Wuerzner, G. (2019). Sex and body mass index modify the association between leptin and sodium excretion: a cross-sectional study in an African Population. American journal of hypertension, 32(11), 1101-1108. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz106.
19. Kaze, A. D., Musani, S. K., Bidulescu, A., Correa, A., Bertoni, A. G., Ahima, R. S., ... & Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B. (2021). Plasma leptin
and blood pressure progression in Blacks: the Jackson Heart Study. Hypertension, 77(4), 1069- 1075.
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.12 0.16174.
20. Shen, L., Cordero, J. F., Wang, J. S., Shen, Y., Zhang, R., Qi, Y., & Li, C. (2020). The effect of leptin on blood pressure considering smoking status: a Mendelian randomization study. Hypertension Research, 43(4), 342-349. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0376-6.
21. Muhammad, H. F. L., van Baak, M. A., Mariman, E. C., Sulistyoningrum, D. C., Huriyati, E., Lee, Y. Y., & Wan Muda, W. A. M. (2019). Dietary inflammatory index score and its association with body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, and leptin in indonesian adults. Nutrients, 11(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010148.
22. Gutierrez-Rodelo, C., Arellano-Plancarte, A., Hernandez-Aranda, J., Landa-Galvan, H. V., Parra-Mercado, G. K., Moreno-Licona, N. J., ...
& Olivares-Reyes, J. A. (2022). Angiotensin II Inhibits Insulin Receptor Signaling in Adipose Cells. International Journal of Molecular
Sciences, 23(11), 6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116048.
23. D’Elia, L., Giaquinto, A., de Simone, G., Iacone, R., Russo, O., Strazzullo, P., & Galletti, F. (2021). Leptin levels predict the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in a sample of adult men: the Olivetti Heart Study. Journal of Hypertension, 39(4), 692-697.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002687.
24. Powell-Wiley, T. M., Poirier, P., Burke, L. E., Després, J. P., Gordon-Larsen, P., Lavie, C. J., ...& American Heart Association Council on
Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Councilon Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on
Epidemiology and Prevention; and Stroke Council. (2021). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American
Heart Association. Circulation, 143(21), e984- e1010. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973.
25. Wu, O., Leng, J. H., Zhang, X., Liu, W., Yang, F. F., Zhang, H., ... & Lu, X. (2022). Controversial culprit of leptin in obesity hypertension: clues from a case-control study with Chinese newly diagnosed adult early-onset obesity hypertensives. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 44(6), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2022.2071920
26. Lingappan, K. (2021). Does the Epigenome Hold Clues to Leptin-associated Hypertension in Obesity?. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 65(2), 132-133. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2021-0199ED.
27. Bhat, H., Bhat, J. A., Bhat, M. H., Rashid, M., & Jan, R. (2022). Leptin in obesity and hypertension. Arterial Hypertension, 26(1), 26- 31. https://doi.org/10.5603/AH.a2022.0003.
28. Mayer Jr, O., Bruthans, J., Seidlerová, J.,Gelžinský, J., Kučera, R., Karnosová, P., ... & Filipovský, J. (2022). High leptin status indicates
an increased risk of mortality and heart failure in stable coronary artery disease. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 32(9), 2137-2146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.06.006.
29. Poetsch, M. S., Strano, A., & Guan, K. (2020). Role of leptin in cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 354.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00354.
30. Zhang, Y., Sun, L., Wang, X., & Chen, Z. (2022). The association between hypertension and the risk of gallstone disease: a cross-sectional study. BMC gastroenterology, 22(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-022-02149-5.
31. Ghanem H.B., Elsheikh M., El-Benhawy S.A. , Shahba A. 2019 Adipoytokines, inflammatory, epigenetic instability and angiogenesis
biomarkers in type 2 diabetic Egyptian women with breast cancer. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome: Clinical research and reviews 13(1): 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.005.
32. Berger, S., & Polotsky, V. Y. (2018). Leptin and leptin resistance in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea: a possible link to
oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5137947
33. Xue, B., Yu, Y., Beltz, T. G., Guo, F., Felder, R. B., Wei, S. G., & Kim Johnson, A. (2021). Maternal Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension
Sensitizes Postweaning High‐Fat Diet–Elicited Hypertensive Response Through Increased Brain Reactivity in Rat Offspring. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(18), e022170. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.022170.
34. Vakilzadeh, N., Petrovic, D., Maillard, M., Favre, L., Grouzmann, E., & Wuerzner, G. (2021). Impact of obesity with or without hypertension on systemic haemodynamic and renal responses to lower body negative pressure. Blood pressure, 30(1), 67-74.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2020.1829963.
35. Loos, R. J., & Yeo, G. S. (2022). The genetics of obesity: from discovery to biology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 23(2), 120-133.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00414-z.
36. Serafi, A. S. (2018). Adipocytokines in blood pressure variations and hypertension: An overview. Int. J. Biol. Biotech, 15, 1-12.
37. Nayak, P., Panda, S., Thatoi, P. K., Rattan, R., Mohapatra, S., & Mishra, P. K. (2016). Evaluation of lipid profile and apolipoproteins in
essential hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 10(10), BC01. https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2016%2F20985.8626.
2. Henry, S. L., Barzel, B., Wood‐Bradley, R. J., Burke, S. L., Head, G. A., & Armitage, J. A. (2012). Developmental origins of obesity‐related
hypertension. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 39(9), 799-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440- 1681.2011.05579.x.
3. Ghanem, H. B., Elsheikh, M., El-Benhawy, S. A., & Shahba, A. (2019). Adipocytokines, inflammatory, epigenetic instability & angiogenesis biomarkers in type 2 diabetic Egyptian women with breast cancer. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.005.
4. Yonis R.A. and Al-Doski F.S.(2013) serum leptin, estradiol and testosterone concentration in normal healthy fertile women with different weights. Tikret Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 9(2): 231-244. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/4da72909d f50e646.
5. Yarandi, S. S., Hebbar, G., Sauer, C. G., Cole, C. R., & Ziegler, T. R. (2011). Diverse roles of leptin in the gastrointestinal tract: modulation of motility, absorption, growth, and inflammation. Nutrition, 27(3), 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.004.
6. Zhang, J., & Wang, N. (2014). Leptin in chronic kidney disease: a link between hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and nutrition. International urology and nephrology, 46, 1169-1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-013-0623-8.
7. Pérez-Pérez, A., Vilariño-García, T., FernándezRiejos, P., Martín-González, J., Segura-Egea, J. J., & Sánchez-Margalet, V. (2017). Role of leptin as a link between metabolism and the immune system. Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 35, 71-84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.03.001.
8. Pérez-Pérez, A., Sánchez-Jiménez, F., VilariñoGarcía, T., & Sánchez-Margalet, V. (2020). Role of leptin in inflammation and vice versa. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(16), 5887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165887.
9. Cichon, I., Ortmann, W., Santocki, M., OpydoChanek, M., & Kolaczkowska, E. (2021). Scrutinizing Mechanisms of the ‘Obesity Paradox
in Sepsis’: Obesity Is Accompanied by Diminished Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Due to Restricted Neutrophil–Platelet Interactions. Cells, 10(2), 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020384.
10. Koenen, M., Hill, M. A., Cohen, P., & Sowers, J. R. (2021). Obesity, adipose tissue and vascular dysfunction. Circulation research, 128(7), 951-968. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.3180 93.
11. Hall, J. E., Mouton, A. J., da Silva, A. A., Omoto, A. C., Wang, Z., Li, X., & do Carmo, J. M. (2021). Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and
inflammation: interactions in hypertension. Cardiovascular Research, 117(8), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa336.
12. Goswami, B., Bhattacharjya, H., Sengupta, S., & Bhattacharjee, B. (2020). Associations of obesity and serum leptin level with elevated blood pressure among urban secondary school students of a northeastern city of India: A baseline observation. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(3), 1442. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjfmpc.jfmpc_1118_ 19 .
13. Cooper, A. J., Gupta, S. R., Moustafa, A. F., & Chao, A. M. (2021). Sex/gender differences in obesity prevalence, comorbidities, and
treatment. Current obesity reports, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00453-x.
14. Dessie, G., Ayelign, B., Akalu, Y., Shibabaw, T., & Molla, M. D. (2021). Effect of leptin on chronic inflammatory disorders: insights to therapeutic target to prevent further cardiovascular complication. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 3307-3322. https://doi.org10.2147/DMSO.S321311.
15. Al-Fartosy, A. J. M., Awad, N. A., & Alsalimi, S. A. (2021). Clinical markers and some trace elements in patients with type-2 diabetic
nephropathy: Impact of insulin resistance. The Journal of Medical Investigation, 68(1.2), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.68.76.
16. Adiga, U., NanditPB, S. A., Rai, T., & Desy, T. M. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Study On The Association Of Leptin Gene Polymorphism And
Metabolic Parameters In Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(7), 3669-3680.
https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/11984/7787.
17. Sabi, E. M., Bin Dahman, L. S., Mohammed, A. K., Sumaily, K. M., & Al-Daghri, N. M. (2022). -2548G> A LEP Polymorphism Is Positively
Associated with Increased Leptin and Glucose Levels in Obese Saudi Patients Irrespective of Blood Pressure Status. Medicina, 58(3), 346.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030346.
18. Schwotzer, N., Burnier, M., Maillard, M., Bovet, P., Paccaud, F., Bochud, M., & Wuerzner, G. (2019). Sex and body mass index modify the association between leptin and sodium excretion: a cross-sectional study in an African Population. American journal of hypertension, 32(11), 1101-1108. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz106.
19. Kaze, A. D., Musani, S. K., Bidulescu, A., Correa, A., Bertoni, A. G., Ahima, R. S., ... & Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B. (2021). Plasma leptin
and blood pressure progression in Blacks: the Jackson Heart Study. Hypertension, 77(4), 1069- 1075.
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.12 0.16174.
20. Shen, L., Cordero, J. F., Wang, J. S., Shen, Y., Zhang, R., Qi, Y., & Li, C. (2020). The effect of leptin on blood pressure considering smoking status: a Mendelian randomization study. Hypertension Research, 43(4), 342-349. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0376-6.
21. Muhammad, H. F. L., van Baak, M. A., Mariman, E. C., Sulistyoningrum, D. C., Huriyati, E., Lee, Y. Y., & Wan Muda, W. A. M. (2019). Dietary inflammatory index score and its association with body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, and leptin in indonesian adults. Nutrients, 11(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010148.
22. Gutierrez-Rodelo, C., Arellano-Plancarte, A., Hernandez-Aranda, J., Landa-Galvan, H. V., Parra-Mercado, G. K., Moreno-Licona, N. J., ...
& Olivares-Reyes, J. A. (2022). Angiotensin II Inhibits Insulin Receptor Signaling in Adipose Cells. International Journal of Molecular
Sciences, 23(11), 6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116048.
23. D’Elia, L., Giaquinto, A., de Simone, G., Iacone, R., Russo, O., Strazzullo, P., & Galletti, F. (2021). Leptin levels predict the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in a sample of adult men: the Olivetti Heart Study. Journal of Hypertension, 39(4), 692-697.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002687.
24. Powell-Wiley, T. M., Poirier, P., Burke, L. E., Després, J. P., Gordon-Larsen, P., Lavie, C. J., ...& American Heart Association Council on
Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Councilon Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on
Epidemiology and Prevention; and Stroke Council. (2021). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American
Heart Association. Circulation, 143(21), e984- e1010. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973.
25. Wu, O., Leng, J. H., Zhang, X., Liu, W., Yang, F. F., Zhang, H., ... & Lu, X. (2022). Controversial culprit of leptin in obesity hypertension: clues from a case-control study with Chinese newly diagnosed adult early-onset obesity hypertensives. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 44(6), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2022.2071920
26. Lingappan, K. (2021). Does the Epigenome Hold Clues to Leptin-associated Hypertension in Obesity?. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 65(2), 132-133. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2021-0199ED.
27. Bhat, H., Bhat, J. A., Bhat, M. H., Rashid, M., & Jan, R. (2022). Leptin in obesity and hypertension. Arterial Hypertension, 26(1), 26- 31. https://doi.org/10.5603/AH.a2022.0003.
28. Mayer Jr, O., Bruthans, J., Seidlerová, J.,Gelžinský, J., Kučera, R., Karnosová, P., ... & Filipovský, J. (2022). High leptin status indicates
an increased risk of mortality and heart failure in stable coronary artery disease. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 32(9), 2137-2146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.06.006.
29. Poetsch, M. S., Strano, A., & Guan, K. (2020). Role of leptin in cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 354.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00354.
30. Zhang, Y., Sun, L., Wang, X., & Chen, Z. (2022). The association between hypertension and the risk of gallstone disease: a cross-sectional study. BMC gastroenterology, 22(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-022-02149-5.
31. Ghanem H.B., Elsheikh M., El-Benhawy S.A. , Shahba A. 2019 Adipoytokines, inflammatory, epigenetic instability and angiogenesis
biomarkers in type 2 diabetic Egyptian women with breast cancer. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome: Clinical research and reviews 13(1): 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.005.
32. Berger, S., & Polotsky, V. Y. (2018). Leptin and leptin resistance in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea: a possible link to
oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5137947
33. Xue, B., Yu, Y., Beltz, T. G., Guo, F., Felder, R. B., Wei, S. G., & Kim Johnson, A. (2021). Maternal Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension
Sensitizes Postweaning High‐Fat Diet–Elicited Hypertensive Response Through Increased Brain Reactivity in Rat Offspring. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(18), e022170. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.022170.
34. Vakilzadeh, N., Petrovic, D., Maillard, M., Favre, L., Grouzmann, E., & Wuerzner, G. (2021). Impact of obesity with or without hypertension on systemic haemodynamic and renal responses to lower body negative pressure. Blood pressure, 30(1), 67-74.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2020.1829963.
35. Loos, R. J., & Yeo, G. S. (2022). The genetics of obesity: from discovery to biology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 23(2), 120-133.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00414-z.
36. Serafi, A. S. (2018). Adipocytokines in blood pressure variations and hypertension: An overview. Int. J. Biol. Biotech, 15, 1-12.
37. Nayak, P., Panda, S., Thatoi, P. K., Rattan, R., Mohapatra, S., & Mishra, P. K. (2016). Evaluation of lipid profile and apolipoproteins in
essential hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 10(10), BC01. https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2016%2F20985.8626.
Article Sidebar
Published
Mar 13, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Ahmed jaber Ibrahim, Haneen Abdul Wahid Dwesh, & Rola Ali Shahid. (2023). Evaluation of serum leptin levels in hypertensive men in Thi Qar City-Iraq (a comparative study). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(3), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.03.007
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.