A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ICU DELIRIUM IN LONG TERM BED RIDDEN PATIENTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
This dissertation investigates the prevalence and contributing factors of ICU delirium in long-term bedridden patients, addressing the urgent need to understand how prolonged immobility and associated health conditions may intensify cognitive decline. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study collected quantitative data on delirium incidence rates, revealing that over 40% of patients experienced varying degrees of delirium, correlated with factors such as duration of bed rest, medication side effects, and pre-existing cognitive impairments. Qualitative data gathered from healthcare professionals highlighted pivotal aspects of patient care practices and environmental elements within the ICU, including sensory stimulation and structured daily routines, which significantly influenced delirium outcomes. These findings underscore the critical necessity for targeted interventions aimed at mitigating the risk of delirium in this vulnerable population, enhancing not only cognitive health but also overall patient safety and recovery trajectories. The significance of this research extends beyond individual patient care, emphasizing the need for healthcare systems to adopt holistic approaches that incorporate environmental and procedural modifications in the ICU setting. By informing clinical practices and policies, this study has the potential to improve care strategies, reduce the incidence of delirium, and promote better health outcomes for long-term bedridden patients, ultimately contributing to more effective management of their complex health needs within critical care environments.
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● Roger S. Ulrich, Craig Zimring, Xuemei Zhu, Jennifer R. DuBose, Hyun-Bo Seo, Young-Seon Choi, Xiaobo Quan, et al.. "A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design" HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 2008, 61-125. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/193758670800100306
● Matteo Parotto, Mariann Gyöngyösi, Kathryn L. Howe, Sheila Nainan Myatra, Otávio T. Ranzani, Manu Shankar‐Hari, Margaret S. Herridge. "Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: understanding and addressing the burden of multisystem manifestations" The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2023, 739-754. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00239-4
● Emily Schwitzer, K. Schwab, Lorie Brinkman, Lynette DeFrancia, Joe VanVleet, Esau Baqi, Ravi Aysola, et al.. "Survival ≠ Recovery" CHEST Critical Care, 2023, 100003-100003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chstcc.2023.100003
● Eleni Korompoki, Maria Gavriatopoulou, Rachel S. Hicklen, Ioannis Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, Despina Fotiou, Κimon Stamatelopoulos, et al.. "Epidemiology and organ specific sequelae of post-acute COVID19: A narrative review" Journal of Infection, 2021, 1-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.004
● Kirby P. Mayer, Sarah E. Jolley, Eric Etchill, Shoaib Fakhri, Jordan Hoffman, Carla M. Sevin, Joseph B. Zwischenberger, et al.. "Long-term recovery of survivors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: The next imperative" JTCVS Open, 2020, 163-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjon.2020.11.006
● Mark van den Boogaard, A. J. C. Slooter. "Delirium in critically ill patients: current knowledge and future perspectives" BJA Education, 2019, 398-404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.bjae.2019.09.004
● Shigeru Makita, Takanori Yasu, Yoshihiro J. Akashi, Hitoshi Adachi, Hideo Izawa, Shunichi Ishihara, Yoshitaka Iso, et al.. "JCS/JACR 2021 Guideline on Rehabilitation in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease" Circulation Journal, 2022, 155-235. doi: https://doi.org/10.1253 /circj.cj-22-0234
● Robert Cartotto, Laura Johnson, Jody M Rood, David Lorello, Annette F. Matherly, Ingrid Parry, Kathleen S Romanowski, et al.. "Clinical Practice Guideline: Early Mobilization and Rehabilitation of Critically Ill Burn Patients" Journal of Burn Care & Research, 2022, 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irac008
● Thyna Vu, Sarah C. McGill. "An Overview of Post–COVID-19 Condition (Long COVID)" Canadian Journal of Health Technologies, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.51731/cjht.2021.160
● Rajkumar Singh Kalra, Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal, Avtar S. Meena, Vishal C. Kalel, Surya Dahiya, Birbal Singh, Saikat Dewanjee, et al.. "COVID-19, Neuropathology, and Aging: SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Infection, Mechanism, and Associated Complications" Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.662786
● Toshihisa Anzai, Takuma Sato, Yoshihiro Fukumoto, Chisato Izumi, Yoshiyuki Kizawa, Masatoshi Koga, Katsuji Nishimura, et al.. "JCS/JHFS 2021 Statement on Palliative Care in Cardiovascular Diseases" Circulation Journal, 2021, 695-757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1253 /circj.cj-20-1127
● Vangelis Karalis. "The Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Clinical Practice" Applied Biosciences, 2024, 14-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci3010002
● César Aldecoa, Gabriella Bettelli, Federico Bilotta, Robert D. Sanders, Paola Aceto, Riccardo A. Audisio, Antonio Cherubini, et al.. "Update of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients" European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.10 97/eja.0000000000001876
● Massimiliano Greco, Thomas De Corte, Ari Ercole, Massimo Antonelli, Élie Azoulay, Giuseppe Citerio, Andrew Conway Morris, et al.. "Clinical and organizational factors associated with mortality during the peak of first COVID-19 wave: the global UNITE-COVID study" Intensive Care Medicine, 2022, 690-705. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-022-06705-1
● Farzan Sasangohar, Atiya Dhala, Feibi Zheng, Nima Ahmadi, Bita A. Kash, Faisal Masud. "Use of telecritical care for family visitation to ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic: an interview study and sentiment analysis" BMJ Quality & Safety, 2020, 715-721. doi: https://doi.org/10.11 36/bmjqs-2020-011604
● Olayinka O. Ogunleye, Debashis Basu, Debjani Mueller, Jacqueline Sneddon, R.A. Seaton, Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye, Joshua Wamboga, et al.. "Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future" Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01205
● Beil, Michael, de Lange, Dylan, Flaatten, Hans Kristian, Guidet, et al.. "Critical care beyond organ support: the importance of geriatric rehabilitation" Springer, 2024, doi: https://core.ac.uk/download/663930752.pdf
● Schandl, Anna. "Physical and psychological problems after critical illness : prediction, detection and treatment" 'Elsevier BV', 2013, doi: https://core.ac.uk/download/70340605.pdf
● TABLEXiao Li, Lina Zhang, Fang Gong, Yuhang Ai. "Incidence and Risk Factors for Delirium in Older Patients Following Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Prospective Observational Study." **, 2020, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692119/.*Note.* Adapted from Incidence and Risk Factors for Delirium in Older Patients Following Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Prospective Observational Study, by Xiao Li, Lina Zhang, Fang Gong, Yuhang Ai, 2020, J Nurs Res, 28(4), p. e101. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692119/.Nathan E Brummel, James C Jackson, Pratik P Pandharipande, Jennifer L Thompson, Ayumi K Shintani, Robert S Dittus, Thomas M Gill, Gordon R Bernard, E Wesley Ely, Timothy D Girard. "Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit and Subsequent Long-term Disability Among Survivors of Mechanical Ventilation." **, 2014, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3947028/.*Note.* Adapted from Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit and Subsequent Long-term Disability Among Survivors of Mechanical Ventilation, by Nathan E Brummel, James C Jackson, Pratik P Pandharipande, Jennifer L Thompson, Ayumi K Shintani, Robert S Dittus, Thomas M Gill, Gordon R Bernard, E Wesley Ely, Timothy D Girard, 2014, Critical Care Medicine, 42(2), p. 369-377. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3947028/.Sangeeta Mehta, Deborah Cook, John W Devlin, Yoanna Skrobik, Maureen Meade, Dean Fergusson, Margaret Herridge, Marilyn Steinberg, John Granton, Niall Ferguson, Maged Tanios, Peter Dodek, Robert Fowler, Karen Burns, Michael Jacka, Kendiss Olafson, Ranjeeta Mallick, Steven Reynolds, Sean Keenan, Lisa Burry; SLEAP Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. "Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults." **, 2015, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /25493968/.*Note.* Adapted from Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults, by Sangeeta Mehta, Deborah Cook, John W Devlin, Yoanna Skrobik, Maureen Meade, Dean Fergusson, Margaret Herridge, Marilyn Steinberg, John Granton, Niall Ferguson, Maged Tanios, Peter Dodek, Robert Fowler, Karen Burns, Michael Jacka, Kendiss Olafson, Ranjeeta Mallick, Steven Reynolds, Sean Keenan, Lisa Burry; SLEAP Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, 2015, Critical Care Medicine, Vol 43, Issue 3, p. 557-566. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25493968/.
● TABLEXiao Li, Lina Zhang, Fang Gong, Yuhang Ai. "Incidence and Risk Factors for Delirium in Older Patients Following Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Prospective Observational Study." **, 2020, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692119/.*Note.* Adapted from Incidence and Risk Factors for Delirium in Older Patients Following Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Prospective Observational Study, by Xiao Li, Lina Zhang, Fang Gong, Yuhang Ai, 2020, J Nurs Res, 28(4), p. e101. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692119/.Stefania Renzi, Nicola Gitti, Simone Piva. "Delirium in the intensive care unit: a narrative review." **, 2023, https://www.jgerontology-geriatrics.com/article/view/600.*Note.* Adapted from Delirium in the intensive care unit: a narrative review, by Stefania Renzi, Nicola Gitti, Simone Piva, 2023, JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS, Vol. 71: SPECIAL ISSUE 1. Retrieved from https://www.jgerontology-geriatrics.com/article/view/600.Sangeeta Mehta, Deborah Cook, John W Devlin, Yoanna Skrobik, Maureen Meade, Dean Fergusson, Margaret Herridge, Marilyn Steinberg, John Granton, Niall Ferguson, Maged Tanios, Peter Dodek, Robert Fowler, Karen Burns, Michael Jacka, Kendiss Olafson, Ranjeeta Mallick, Steven Reynolds, Sean Keenan, Lisa Burry. "Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults." **, 2015, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25493968/.*Note.* Adapted from Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults, by Sangeeta Mehta, Deborah Cook, John W Devlin, Yoanna Skrobik, Maureen Meade, Dean Fergusson, Margaret Herridge, Marilyn Steinberg, John Granton, Niall Ferguson, Maged Tanios, Peter Dodek, Robert Fowler, Karen Burns, Michael Jacka, Kendiss Olafson, Ranjeeta Mallick, Steven Reynolds, Sean Keenan, Lisa Burry, 2015, Critical Care Medicine, Vol 43, Issue 3, p. 557-566. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25493968/.
● TABLEEly, E.W., Shintani, A., Truman, B., Speroff, T., Gordon, S.M., Harrell, F.E., Inouye, S.K., Bernard, G.R., Dittus, R.S.. "Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit." *JAMA*, 2004, https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/outcomes-associated-with-icu-delirium.*Note.* Adapted from Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit, by Ely, E.W., Shintani, A., Truman, B., Speroff, T., Gordon, S.M., Harrell, F.E., Inouye, S.K., Bernard, G.R., Dittus, R.S., 2004, JAMA, JAMA, 291(14), p. 1753-1762. Retrieved from https://www.icudelirium.org /medical-professionals/delirium/outcomes-associated-with-icu-delirium.Danielle Ní Chróinín, Evan Alexandrou, Steven A Frost. "Delirium in the intensive care unit and its importance in the post-operative context: A review." *Frontiers in Medicine*, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10098316/.*Note.* Adapted from Delirium in the intensive care unit and its importance in the post-operative context: A review, by Danielle Ní Chróinín, Evan Alexandrou, Steven A Frost, 2023, Frontiers in Medicine, Frontiers in Medicine, 10. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10098316/.Jason WW Thomason, Ayumi Shintani, Josh F Peterson, Brenda T Pun, James C Jackson, E Wesley Ely. "Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients." *BioMed Central*, 2005, https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com /articles/10.1186/cc3729.*Note.* Adapted from Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients, by Jason WW Thomason, Ayumi Shintani, Josh F Peterson, Brenda T Pun, James C Jackson, E Wesley Ely, 2005, BioMed Central, Critical Care, Volume 9, Article R375. Retrieved from https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc3729.Nathan E Brummel, James C Jackson, Pratik P Pandharipande, Jennifer L Thompson, Ayumi K Shintani, Robert S Dittus, Thomas M Gill, Gordon R Bernard, E Wesley Ely, Timothy D Girard. "Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit and Subsequent Long-term Disability Among Survivors of Mechanical Ventilation." *Wolters Kluwer Health*, 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3947028/.*Note.* Adapted from Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit and Subsequent Long-term Disability Among Survivors of Mechanical Ventilation, by Nathan E Brummel, James C Jackson, Pratik P Pandharipande, Jennifer L Thompson, Ayumi K Shintani, Robert S Dittus, Thomas M Gill, Gordon R Bernard, E Wesley Ely, Timothy D Girard, 2014, Wolters Kluwer Health, Critical Care Medicine, Vol 42, Issue 2, p. 369-377. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947028/.Ryoung-Eun Ko, Danbee Kang, Hyejung Park, Juhee Cho, Gee Young Suh, Chi Ryang Chung. "Association between the presence of delirium during intensive care unit admission and cognitive impairment or psychiatric problems: the Korean ICU National Data Study." *BMC*, 2022, https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-022-00598-4.*Note.* Adapted from Association between the presence of delirium during intensive care unit admission and cognitive impairment or psychiatric problems: the Korean ICU National Data Study, by Ryoung-Eun Ko, Danbee Kang, Hyejung Park, Juhee Cho, Gee Young Suh, Chi Ryang Chung, 2022, BMC, Journal of Intensive Care, Vol 10, Article 7. Retrieved from https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral .com/articles/10.1186/s40560-022-00598-4.
● "Infographic on ICU Monitoring Devices and Their Functions." media.springernature.com, 21 July 2025, https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186% 2Fs40635-025-00738-8/MediaObjects/40635_2025_738 _Fig1_HTML.png.
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Sep 16, 2025
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Dr. Abhinav Chauhan, Dr. Praveen Yadav, Dr. Rupam, & Dr. Shekhar Saini. (2025). A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ICU DELIRIUM IN LONG TERM BED RIDDEN PATIENTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(8), 673-685. https://doi.org/10.53555/dkvyqr69
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How to Cite
Dr. Abhinav Chauhan, Dr. Praveen Yadav, Dr. Rupam, & Dr. Shekhar Saini. (2025). A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ICU DELIRIUM IN LONG TERM BED RIDDEN PATIENTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(8), 673-685. https://doi.org/10.53555/dkvyqr69