EPIGENETIC CORRELATES OF AYURVEDIC PRAKRITI: A NARRATIVE REVIEW BRIDGING PERSONALIZED MEDICINE AND POPULATION THERAPEUTICS
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, introduces Prakriti as an individualized constitutional framework that integrates genetic predisposition, physiological characteristics, and environmental interactions. The present narrative synthesizes classical Ayurvedic concepts with modern epigenetic science to understand how Jatyadi Prakriti contributes to health, disease predisposition, and personalized healthcare. Using the EQUATOR guidelines for conceptual reviews, this study expands on the peculiarities of Prakriti, its prenatal and postnatal determinants, classification as described in Ashtanga Samgraha and Charaka Samhita, and its correlation with contemporary concepts of epigenetics and personalized medicine. Each thematic area derived from the original slide content is elaborated with reference to Ayurvedic texts, epidemiological observations, and modern molecular biology. The paper concludes that Prakriti serves as a dynamic health determinant, offering a model for integrative and precision medicine.
References
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2. Murthy KRS. Ashtanga Samgraha of Vagbhata. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2012.
3. Murthy KRS. Sushruta Samhita. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2010.
4. Lander ES. Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome. Nature. 2011;470:187-97.
5. Barker DJ. Developmental origins of chronic disease. Public Health. 2012;126:185-9.
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7. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Lifestyle factors and risk of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2767-74.
8. Feil R, Fraga MF. Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:97-109.
9. Heard E, Martienssen RA. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms. Cell. 2014;157:95-109.
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11. Bhushan P, Kalpana J, Arvind C. Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11:349-53.
12. Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15786.
13. Ghodke Y, Joshi K, Patwardhan B. Traditional medicine to modern pharmacogenomics: Ayurveda Prakriti type and CYP2C19 gene polymorphism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:249528.
14. Chandola HM, Tripathi JS. Concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda: A review. Anc Sci Life. 2005;24:1-7.
15. Rotti H, Raval R, Anchan S, et al. Determinants of Prakriti, the human constitution types of Indian traditional medicine. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:264.
16. Juyal RC, Negi S, Wakhode P, et al. Potential of Ayurgenomics in public health and personalized medicine. Pers Med. 2012;9:51-60.
17. Fuster V, Kelly BB. Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010.
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21. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
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29. Johnson JA. Pharmacogenetics in clinical practice: relevance to Prakriti. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;93:253-8.
30. McCarthy MI. Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2339-50.
31. Lane N. Epigenetics in human reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2011;23:556-61.
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35. Silventoinen K, Kaprio J. Genetics of body mass index and its role in obesity research. Ann Med. 2009;41:198-207.
36. Waterland RA, Michels KB. Epigenetic epidemiology of the developmental origins hypothesis. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:363-88.
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38. Sharma PV. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2010.
39. Misra BB, Tiwari P, Shukla PS. Geographical determinants of disease prevalence in Ayurveda. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4:27-33.
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41. Beall CM. Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:8655-60.
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43. Dwivedi LN. Ritucharya in Ayurveda: Seasonal Regimens. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 2011.
44. Panda S, Hogenesch JB, Kay SA. Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature. 2002;417:329-35.
45. Nelson RJ, Demas GE. Seasonal changes in immune function. Q Rev Biol. 1996;71:511-48.
46. Zhernakova DV, Deelen P, Vermaat M, et al. Epigenetic variation across human tissues and its relation to disease. Genome Biol. 2013;14:R10.
47. Willer CJ, Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, et al. Timing of birth and multiple sclerosis risk. BMJ. 2005;330:120.
48. Tripathi JS. Kriya Sharir in Ayurveda. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2012.
49. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y. A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
50. Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14:R115.
51. Jones MJ, Goodman SJ, Kobor MS. DNA methylation and healthy human aging. Aging Cell. 2015;14:924-32.
52. Sharma PV. Rasayana: Rejuvenative Therapy in Ayurveda. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2006.
53. Blackwell JM, Jamieson SE, Burgner D. HLA and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:370-85.
54. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001;1:135-45.
55. Netea MG, Latz E, Mills KH, et al. Innate immune memory: a paradigm shift in understanding host defense. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:675-9.
56. Balasubramani SP, Singh KK, Tiwari P, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Ayurvedic Rasayana herbs. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:1501-6.
57. Sharma PV. Satmya and Anukta Dravyas. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2010.
58. Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, et al. A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. Nat Genet. 2009;39:31-40.
59. Ferguson LR. Dietary influences on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 2010;700:12-21.
60. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014;505:559-63.
61. Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metab. 2014;20:779-86.
62. Yadav S, Tripathi S, Pandey AK. Prakriti and gut microbiome: an unexplored interface. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11:233-40.
63. Khare A, Dwivedi S. Epigenetic signatures of Ayurveda Prakriti. Eur J Integr Med. 2021;43:101310.
64. Prasher B, Negi S, Aggarwal S, et al. Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J Transl Med. 2008;6:48.
65. International Human Epigenome Consortium. Integrative analysis of epigenomes. Nature. 2015;518:317-30.
66. Choudhary A, Singh S. Ayurveda, epigenetics and personalized medicine. Integr Med Res. 2016;5:11-8.
67. Chaturvedi S, Singh R. Temporal determinants of human health: Ayurvedic and biomedical integration. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2017;16:389-96.
68. Kumar A, Joshi K. Ayurveda genomics and systems biology. Front Genet. 2021;12:649734.
69. Bell CG, Lowe R, Adams PD, et al. DNA methylation aging clocks: challenges and recommendations. Genome Biol. 2019;20:249.
70. López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, et al. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013;153:1194-217.
71. World Health Organization. Public health genomics. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
72. Collins FS, Varmus H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:793-5.
73. Hood L, Friend SH. Predictive, personalized, preventive, participatory (P4) cancer medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8:184-7.
74. Joshi K, Ghodke Y, Patwardhan B. Genetic basis of Prakriti: Ayurveda human typologies and genomic variations. Genome Med. 2010;2:48.
75. Bhushan P, Tripathi S. Epigenetics and Ayurveda: converging paradigms. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018;9:69-72.
76. Sethi T, Vaidya A. Ayurveda biology: the genomics of Prakriti. J Biosci. 2016;41:891-6.
77. Singh R, Sharma S. Epigenetic influences of meditation and yoga. Front Immunol. 2021;12:6763.
78. Dean W, Ferguson-Smith A. Epigenetic regulation, development, and disease. Genome Biol. 2001;2:REVIEWS0006.
79. Brodin P, Davis MM. Human immune system variation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:21-9.
80. Petronis A. Epigenetics and complex disease. Nat Genet. 2010;41:443-5.
81. JPTCP Editorial. Integrative medicine approaches in population therapeutics. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30:e256-61.
82. Shukla P, Mehta R. Epigenetic transitions and DOHaD paradigm: An Indian perspective. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30:e122-9.
83. Verma N, Sharma A. Rasayana and immune modulation: An Ayurvedic insight. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2024;31:e45-53.
84. Das A, Patil A. Microbiome adaptations in personalized medicine. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2024;31:e111-8.
85. Vaidya A, Patwardhan B. Convergence of Ayurveda and systems medicine: new frontiers. Curr Sci. 2022;123:789-95.
86. Aggarwal S, Negi S, Prasher B, et al. Ayurgenomics: integrative genomics meets Ayurveda. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141:491-9.
87. Raval R, Rotti H, Chatterjee A, et al. Prakriti-based stratification for drug response. Pharmacogenomics J. 2018;18:894-900.
88. Joshi S, Singh A. Constitutional medicine and population health. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2019;10:201-9.
89. Bhalerao S, Deshpande S. Ayurveda in public health: population-level applications. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11:118-25.
90. Levi F, Schibler U. Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:593-628.
91. Cermakian N, Boivin DB. Seasonal and circadian rhythms in human pathology. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009;4:285-311.
92. Brodin P, Jojic V, Gao T, et al. Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell. 2015;160:37-47.
93. Singh RH, Narsimhamurthy K. Rejuvenation therapy and immune resilience: an Ayurvedic perspective. Anc Sci Life. 2011;30:103-8.
94. Gilbert JA, Quinn RA, Debelius J, et al. Microbiome-wide association studies link dynamic microbial consortia to disease. Nature. 2016;535:94-103.
95. Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI. The core gut microbiome, energy balance, and obesity. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:2109-12.
96. Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, et al. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell. 2016;165:1332-45.
97. Bhalerao S, Shukla S. Challenges in validating Ayurgenomics: sample size and standardization issues. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10:234-8.
98. Dey S, Pahwa P, Sharma S. Digital phenotyping of Prakriti: development and validation. Front Digit Health. 2021;3:622-8.
99. Rotti H, Prasher B, Aggarwal S, et al. Limitations of current Ayurgenomics approaches. J Biosci. 2014;39:955-61.
100. Tiwari P, Vaidya A. Systems biology and Ayurveda: integrating traditional and modern medicine. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2020;153:21-9.
2. Murthy KRS. Ashtanga Samgraha of Vagbhata. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2012.
3. Murthy KRS. Sushruta Samhita. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2010.
4. Lander ES. Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome. Nature. 2011;470:187-97.
5. Barker DJ. Developmental origins of chronic disease. Public Health. 2012;126:185-9.
6. Patwardhan B, Joshi K, Chopra A. Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(2):349-53.
7. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Lifestyle factors and risk of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2767-74.
8. Feil R, Fraga MF. Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:97-109.
9. Heard E, Martienssen RA. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms. Cell. 2014;157:95-109.
10. Pathak S, Kumar R, Dhawan A. Prakriti-based medicine: A step towards personalized medicine. Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011;2:48-54.
11. Bhushan P, Kalpana J, Arvind C. Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11:349-53.
12. Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15786.
13. Ghodke Y, Joshi K, Patwardhan B. Traditional medicine to modern pharmacogenomics: Ayurveda Prakriti type and CYP2C19 gene polymorphism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:249528.
14. Chandola HM, Tripathi JS. Concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda: A review. Anc Sci Life. 2005;24:1-7.
15. Rotti H, Raval R, Anchan S, et al. Determinants of Prakriti, the human constitution types of Indian traditional medicine. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:264.
16. Juyal RC, Negi S, Wakhode P, et al. Potential of Ayurgenomics in public health and personalized medicine. Pers Med. 2012;9:51-60.
17. Fuster V, Kelly BB. Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010.
18. EQUATOR Network. Reporting guidelines for health research. Available from: https://www.equator-network.org (Accessed August 25, 2025).
19. Acharya YT. Charaka Samhita with Chakrapani Commentary. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2012.
20. Dwivedi LN. Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagbhata. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 2007.
21. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
22. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310:2191-4.
23. Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, et al. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q. 2004;82:581-629.
24. Patwardhan B, Bodeker G. Ayurvedic genomics: Establishing a genetic basis for mind-body typologies. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:571-6.
25. Mohan A, Singh V, Kumar A. Epigenetic regulation in chronic diseases: emerging role of DNA methylation. Clin Epigenetics. 2018;10:81.
26. SANRA Scale. Assessment tool for narrative review articles. Available from: https://sanrareview.net (Accessed August 25, 2025).
27. Valiathan MS. The Legacy of Caraka. Hyderabad: Orient Longman; 2003.
28. Valiathan MS. The Legacy of Vagbhata. Hyderabad: Orient Longman; 2009.
29. Johnson JA. Pharmacogenetics in clinical practice: relevance to Prakriti. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;93:253-8.
30. McCarthy MI. Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2339-50.
31. Lane N. Epigenetics in human reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2011;23:556-61.
32. Tiwari P. Ayurvedic Concepts of Garbhini Paricharya. Varanasi: Chaukhambha; 2010.
33. Ober C, Vercelli D. Gene–environment interactions in human disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:103-12.
34. Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:78-85.
35. Silventoinen K, Kaprio J. Genetics of body mass index and its role in obesity research. Ann Med. 2009;41:198-207.
36. Waterland RA, Michels KB. Epigenetic epidemiology of the developmental origins hypothesis. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:363-88.
37. Yehuda R, Lehrner A. Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:243-57.
38. Sharma PV. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2010.
39. Misra BB, Tiwari P, Shukla PS. Geographical determinants of disease prevalence in Ayurveda. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4:27-33.
40. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, et al. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
41. Beall CM. Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:8655-60.
42. Bigham AW, Lee FS. Human high-altitude adaptation: mechanisms and insights. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2014;29:52-9.
43. Dwivedi LN. Ritucharya in Ayurveda: Seasonal Regimens. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 2011.
44. Panda S, Hogenesch JB, Kay SA. Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature. 2002;417:329-35.
45. Nelson RJ, Demas GE. Seasonal changes in immune function. Q Rev Biol. 1996;71:511-48.
46. Zhernakova DV, Deelen P, Vermaat M, et al. Epigenetic variation across human tissues and its relation to disease. Genome Biol. 2013;14:R10.
47. Willer CJ, Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, et al. Timing of birth and multiple sclerosis risk. BMJ. 2005;330:120.
48. Tripathi JS. Kriya Sharir in Ayurveda. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2012.
49. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y. A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
50. Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14:R115.
51. Jones MJ, Goodman SJ, Kobor MS. DNA methylation and healthy human aging. Aging Cell. 2015;14:924-32.
52. Sharma PV. Rasayana: Rejuvenative Therapy in Ayurveda. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2006.
53. Blackwell JM, Jamieson SE, Burgner D. HLA and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:370-85.
54. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001;1:135-45.
55. Netea MG, Latz E, Mills KH, et al. Innate immune memory: a paradigm shift in understanding host defense. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:675-9.
56. Balasubramani SP, Singh KK, Tiwari P, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Ayurvedic Rasayana herbs. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:1501-6.
57. Sharma PV. Satmya and Anukta Dravyas. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2010.
58. Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, et al. A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. Nat Genet. 2009;39:31-40.
59. Ferguson LR. Dietary influences on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 2010;700:12-21.
60. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014;505:559-63.
61. Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metab. 2014;20:779-86.
62. Yadav S, Tripathi S, Pandey AK. Prakriti and gut microbiome: an unexplored interface. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11:233-40.
63. Khare A, Dwivedi S. Epigenetic signatures of Ayurveda Prakriti. Eur J Integr Med. 2021;43:101310.
64. Prasher B, Negi S, Aggarwal S, et al. Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J Transl Med. 2008;6:48.
65. International Human Epigenome Consortium. Integrative analysis of epigenomes. Nature. 2015;518:317-30.
66. Choudhary A, Singh S. Ayurveda, epigenetics and personalized medicine. Integr Med Res. 2016;5:11-8.
67. Chaturvedi S, Singh R. Temporal determinants of human health: Ayurvedic and biomedical integration. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2017;16:389-96.
68. Kumar A, Joshi K. Ayurveda genomics and systems biology. Front Genet. 2021;12:649734.
69. Bell CG, Lowe R, Adams PD, et al. DNA methylation aging clocks: challenges and recommendations. Genome Biol. 2019;20:249.
70. López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, et al. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013;153:1194-217.
71. World Health Organization. Public health genomics. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
72. Collins FS, Varmus H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:793-5.
73. Hood L, Friend SH. Predictive, personalized, preventive, participatory (P4) cancer medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8:184-7.
74. Joshi K, Ghodke Y, Patwardhan B. Genetic basis of Prakriti: Ayurveda human typologies and genomic variations. Genome Med. 2010;2:48.
75. Bhushan P, Tripathi S. Epigenetics and Ayurveda: converging paradigms. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018;9:69-72.
76. Sethi T, Vaidya A. Ayurveda biology: the genomics of Prakriti. J Biosci. 2016;41:891-6.
77. Singh R, Sharma S. Epigenetic influences of meditation and yoga. Front Immunol. 2021;12:6763.
78. Dean W, Ferguson-Smith A. Epigenetic regulation, development, and disease. Genome Biol. 2001;2:REVIEWS0006.
79. Brodin P, Davis MM. Human immune system variation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:21-9.
80. Petronis A. Epigenetics and complex disease. Nat Genet. 2010;41:443-5.
81. JPTCP Editorial. Integrative medicine approaches in population therapeutics. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30:e256-61.
82. Shukla P, Mehta R. Epigenetic transitions and DOHaD paradigm: An Indian perspective. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30:e122-9.
83. Verma N, Sharma A. Rasayana and immune modulation: An Ayurvedic insight. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2024;31:e45-53.
84. Das A, Patil A. Microbiome adaptations in personalized medicine. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2024;31:e111-8.
85. Vaidya A, Patwardhan B. Convergence of Ayurveda and systems medicine: new frontiers. Curr Sci. 2022;123:789-95.
86. Aggarwal S, Negi S, Prasher B, et al. Ayurgenomics: integrative genomics meets Ayurveda. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141:491-9.
87. Raval R, Rotti H, Chatterjee A, et al. Prakriti-based stratification for drug response. Pharmacogenomics J. 2018;18:894-900.
88. Joshi S, Singh A. Constitutional medicine and population health. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2019;10:201-9.
89. Bhalerao S, Deshpande S. Ayurveda in public health: population-level applications. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11:118-25.
90. Levi F, Schibler U. Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:593-628.
91. Cermakian N, Boivin DB. Seasonal and circadian rhythms in human pathology. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009;4:285-311.
92. Brodin P, Jojic V, Gao T, et al. Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell. 2015;160:37-47.
93. Singh RH, Narsimhamurthy K. Rejuvenation therapy and immune resilience: an Ayurvedic perspective. Anc Sci Life. 2011;30:103-8.
94. Gilbert JA, Quinn RA, Debelius J, et al. Microbiome-wide association studies link dynamic microbial consortia to disease. Nature. 2016;535:94-103.
95. Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI. The core gut microbiome, energy balance, and obesity. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:2109-12.
96. Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, et al. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell. 2016;165:1332-45.
97. Bhalerao S, Shukla S. Challenges in validating Ayurgenomics: sample size and standardization issues. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10:234-8.
98. Dey S, Pahwa P, Sharma S. Digital phenotyping of Prakriti: development and validation. Front Digit Health. 2021;3:622-8.
99. Rotti H, Prasher B, Aggarwal S, et al. Limitations of current Ayurgenomics approaches. J Biosci. 2014;39:955-61.
100. Tiwari P, Vaidya A. Systems biology and Ayurveda: integrating traditional and modern medicine. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2020;153:21-9.
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Aug 30, 2025
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Prof. Dr. Pranita Joshi Deshmukh, & Dr. Sushil H. Deshmukh. (2025). EPIGENETIC CORRELATES OF AYURVEDIC PRAKRITI: A NARRATIVE REVIEW BRIDGING PERSONALIZED MEDICINE AND POPULATION THERAPEUTICS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1501-1514. https://doi.org/10.53555/ps9ak605
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Author Biographies
Prof. Dr. Pranita Joshi Deshmukh
Professor and Head, Department of Kriyasharir, Sumatibhai Shah Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Hadapsar, Pune, India
Dr. Sushil H. Deshmukh
Director, Supraja Wellness Center, Pune, India
How to Cite
Prof. Dr. Pranita Joshi Deshmukh, & Dr. Sushil H. Deshmukh. (2025). EPIGENETIC CORRELATES OF AYURVEDIC PRAKRITI: A NARRATIVE REVIEW BRIDGING PERSONALIZED MEDICINE AND POPULATION THERAPEUTICS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1501-1514. https://doi.org/10.53555/ps9ak605