ADME PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Main Article Content
Keywords
Alcohol metabolism, Respiratory system, Oxidative stress, Immune dysfunction, Pulmonary injury
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a globally prevalent behavior with well-established systemic health consequences. Its effects on the respiratory system remain under-recognized despite growing evidence of mechanistic and clinical significance. This review synthesizes the current understanding of alcohol’s pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as its role in mediating pulmonary dysfunction. Ethanol and related alcohols alter mucociliary clearance, compromise epithelial integrity, and suppress innate immune responses, enhancing the danger of respiratory infections, acute lung injury, and chronic pulmonary disease. Metabolic byproducts such as acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species contribute to oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and pro-inflammatory cascades in the lung microenvironment. The review also highlights the synergistic impact of alcohol with other respiratory risk factors, including tobacco and environmental exposures. Clinical implications include underdiagnosed alcohol-related respiratory impairment, worse outcomes in critical care settings, and the need for targeted screening. Key research gaps are identified, including the lack of longitudinal studies, limited translational models, and underutilization of precision medicine frameworks. Future directions emphasize the importance of integrative, genotype-informed research to inform prevention and personalized management strategies. Addressing alcohol’s impact on respiratory health is essential to mitigating preventable disease burden worldwide.
References
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38. Imtiaz S, Shield KD, Roerecke M, et al. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and burden of disease. European Respiratory Journal. 2017 Jul 13;50(1).
39. Mörs K, Hörauf JA, Kany S, et al. Ethanol decreases inflammatory response in human lung epithelial cells by inhibiting the canonical NF-kB pathway. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 2017 Oct 17;43(1):17-30.
40. Liu T, De Los Santos FG, Phan SH. The bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. InFibrosis: Methods and Protocols 2017 Aug 24 (pp. 27-42). New York, NY: Springer New York.
41. Giorgetti A, Orazietti V, Busardo FP, et al. Psychomotor performances relevant for driving under the combined effect of ethanol and synthetic cannabinoids: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2023 Feb 24;14:1131335.
42. Zięba S, Maciejczyk M, Zalewska A. Ethanol-and cigarette smoke-related alterations in oral redox homeostasis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022 Jan 28;12:793028.
43. Traphagen N, Tian Z, Allen-Gipson D. Chronic ethanol exposure: pathogenesis of pulmonary disease and dysfunction. Biomolecules. 2015 Oct 20;5(4):2840-53.
44. Virgili F, Nenna R, Ben David S, et al. E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2022 Jun 14;48(1):97.
45. Bailey KL, Samuelson DR, Wyatt TA. Alcohol use disorder: A pre-existing condition for COVID-19?. Alcohol. 2021 Feb 1;90:11-7.
46. Patel A. Alcohol Use Disorder and Critical Illness. In Substance Use Disorders in Adult Critically Ill Patients 2024 Oct 25 (pp. 27-37). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
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48. Happel KI, Nelson S. Alcohol, immunosuppression, and the lung. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2005 Dec;2(5):428-32.
49. Teschke R, Neuman MG, Liangpunsakul S, et al. Alcoholic Liver Disease and the co-triggering Role of MEOS with Its CYP 2 E 1 Catalytic Cycle and ROS. Archives of Gastroenterology Research. 2021 Feb 16;2(1):9-25.
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51. Iciek M, Bilska-Wilkosz A, Kozdrowicki M, et al. Reactive sulfur compounds in the fight against COVID-19. Antioxidants. 2022 May 26;11(6):1053.
52. Schumacker PT. Lung cell hypoxia: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species signaling in triggering responses. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2011 Nov 1;8(6):477-84.
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56. Crotty K. Alveolar Macrophage Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunction During Chronic Alcohol Use (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University).
57. Luyt CE, Bouadma L, Morris AC, et al. Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS. Intensive care medicine. 2020 Dec;46(12):2168-83.
58. Wang X, Chen X, Lu L, et al. Alcoholism and osteoimmunology. Current medicinal chemistry. 2021 Mar 1;28(9):1815-28.
59. Ng TS, Britton GJ, Hill EV, Verhagen J, Burton BR, Wraith DC. Regulation of adaptive immunity; the role of interleukin-10. Frontiers in immunology. 2013 May 31;4:129.
60. Nowak AJ, Relja B. The impact of acute or chronic alcohol intake on the NF-κB signaling pathway in alcohol-related liver disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020 Dec 10;21(24):9407.
61. Trevejo-Nunez G, Kolls JK, De Wit M. Alcohol use as a risk factor in infections and healing: a clinician’s perspective. Alcohol research: current reviews. 2015;37(2):177.
62. Kershaw CD, Guidot DM. Alcoholic lung disease. Alcohol Research & Health. 2008;31(1):66.
63. Joshi PC, Guidot DM. The alcoholic lung: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential therapies. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2007 Apr;292(4):L813-23.
64. Mehta AJ. Alcoholism and critical illness: A review. World J Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb 4;5(1):27-35. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v5.i1.27. PMID: 26855891; PMCID: PMC4733453.
65. Berner MM, Kriston L, Bentele M,et al. The alcohol use disorders identification test for detecting at-risk drinking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs. 2007 May;68(3):461-73.
66. Wigger GW, Bouton TC, Jacobson KR, Auld SC, Yeligar SM, Staitieh BS. The impact of alcohol use disorder on tuberculosis: a review of the epidemiology and potential immunologic mechanisms. Frontiers in immunology. 2022 Mar 31;13:864817.
67. Ramadori GP. Organophosphorus poisoning: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiac failure as cause of death in hospitalized patients. International journal of molecular sciences. 2023 Apr 3;24(7):6658.
68. Sisson JH. Alcohol and airways function in health and disease. Alcohol. 2007 Aug 1;41(5):293-307.
69. Albert RK. Constant Vt ventilation and surfactant dysfunction: an overlooked cause of ventilator-induced lung injury. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2022 Jan 15;205(2):152-60.
70. Seaman EL. Co-Occurring Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among Young Adults: A Sequential Explanatory Mixed Methods Study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park).
71. Babor TE, Higgins-Biddle J, Dauser D, et al. Alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care settings: implementation models and predictors. Journal of studies on alcohol. 2005 May;66(3):361-8.
72. Simou E, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. Alcohol and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2018 Aug 1;8(8):e022344.
73. Guidot DM, Roman J. Chronic ethanol ingestion increases susceptibility to acute lung injury: role of oxidative stress and tissue remodeling. Chest. 2002 Dec 1;122(6):309S-14S.
74. Edenberg HJ. The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants. Alcohol Research & Health. 2007;30(1):5.
75. Moss M, Burnham EL. Chronic alcohol abuse, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. Critical care medicine. 2003 Apr 1;31(4):S207-12.
76. Guidot DM, Hart MC. Alcohol abuse and acute lung injury: epidemiology and pathophysiology of a recently recognized association. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2005 Jul;53(5):235-45.
77. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, Allen HL, Lindgren CM, Luan JA, Mägi R, Randall JC. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nature genetics. 2010 Nov;42(11):937-48.
2. Vel SM, Chandru R, Dhanalakshmi K, et al. Step toward Sustainability: Fuel Production and Hybrid Vehicles. InWaste to Profit 2023 Jun 19 (pp. 335-347). CRC Press.
3. Javdan B. Drug Metabolism by the Human Gut Microbiome: An Investigation of Metabolic Capacity, Interpersonal Variability, and Genetic Mechanisms (Doctoral dissertation, Princeton University).
4. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders. World Health Organization; 2024 Jun 25.
5. Chen CH, Ferreira JC, Gross ER, et al. Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase 2: new therapeutic opportunities. Physiological reviews. 2014 Jan;94(1):1-34.
6. Simet SM, Sisson JH. Alcohol’s effects on lung health and immunity. Alcohol research: current reviews. 2015;37(2):199.
7. Rajendram R, Rajendram R, Preedy VR. Ethanol metabolism and implications for disease. InNeuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse 2016 Jan 1 (pp. 377-388). Academic Press.
8. Jones AW. Alcohol, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body, and pharmacokinetic calculations. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Forensic Science. 2019 Sep;1(5):e1340.
9. Jeffers, L. Chronic Alcohol Consumption Induces Alveolar Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction In Vivo (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University).
10. Clewell III HJ, Gentry PR, Gearhart JM, Covington TR, Banton MI, Andersen ME. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of isopropanol and its metabolite acetone. Toxicological Sciences. 2001 Oct 1;63(2):160-72.
11. Rosano TG, DABCC D. Volatile Alcohols: Ethanol, Methanol, and Isopropanol. In Toxicology Laboratory (Contemporary Practice of Poisoning Evaluation) 2001 (p. 173).
12. Butts M, Sundaram VL, Murughiyan U, et al. The influence of alcohol consumption on intestinal nutrient absorption: a comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2023 Mar 24;15(7):1571.
13. Inman B, Maddry JK, Ng PC, et al. High-risk and low-prevalence diseases: Toxic alcohol ingestion. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2023 May 1;67:29-36.
14. Grad S, Abenavoli L, Dumitrascu DL. The Effect of Alcohol on Gastrointestinal Motility. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2016;11(3):191-5. doi: 10.2174/1574887111666160815103251. PMID: 27527893.
15. Eaton SE, Jagielo-Miller JE, Prendergast MA, et al. Sex differences in alcohol dehydrogenase levels (ADH) and blood ethanol concentration (BEC) in Japanese quail. Poultry Science. 2022 May 1;101(5):101790.
16. Zekan P, Ljubičić N, Blagaić V, et al. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ethanol in a human study: a new modification of a mathematical model. Toxics. 2023 Sep 20;11(9):793.
17. Jones AW, Musshoff F, Krämer T, et al. Toxicology of Specific Substances. Handbook of Forensic Medicine. 2022 Jun 27;2:1167-312.
18. Popova S, Charness ME, Burd L, et al. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2023 Feb 23;9(1):11.
19. Waddell J, McKenna MC, Kristian T. Brain ethanol metabolism and mitochondria. Current topics in biochemical research. 2022;23:1.
20. Blackmore LJ. Cellular immune responses to alcohol dehydrogenase and defective immune regulation in severe alcohol-related liver (Doctoral dissertation, King’s College London).
21. Chen CH, Kraemer BR, Mochly-Rosen D. ALDH2 variance in disease and populations. Disease models & mechanisms. 2022 Jun 1;15(6):dmm049601.
22. To ND, Theruvathu JA. Determination and quantification of acetaldehyde, acetone, and methanol in hand sanitizers using headspace GC/MS: effect of storage time and temperature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024 Jan 9;21(1):74.
23. Goldman MR, Molina-Castro M, Etkins JC, et al. Recent advances in alcohol metabolism: from the gut to the brain. Physiological Reviews. 2025 Jul 10.
24. Georgakopoulou VE, Spandidos DA, Corlateanu A. Diagnostic tools in respiratory medicine. Biomedical Reports. 2025 May 8;23(1):112.
25. O'Donnell JJ, O'Donnell JT, Juettner V. General Principles of Pharmacology. InO'Donnell's Drug Injury 2026 (pp. 209-234). CRC Press.
26. Alrashed M, Aldeghaither NS, Almutairi SY, et al. The perils of methanol exposure: insights into toxicity and clinical management. Toxics. 2024 Dec 20;12(12):924.
27. Odriozola A, Santos-Laso A, Del Barrio M, et al. Fatty liver disease, metabolism and alcohol interplay: a comprehensive review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023 Apr 24;24(9):7791.
28. Van der Merwe D. Respiratory toxicity. In Veterinary Toxicology 2025 Jan 1 (pp. 185-196). Academic Press.
29. Wolfe M, Menon A, Oto M, et al. Alcohol and the central nervous system. Practical Neurology. 2023 Aug 1;23(4):273-85.
30. Kaya-Akyüzlü D. Genetics and Epigenetics of Alcohol Use Disorder. In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability 2024 Aug 20 (pp. 1-12). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
31. Avraam J, Dawson A, Nicholas CL, et al. Influence of alcohol on genioglossus single motor units in men and women during wakefulness. Experimental Physiology. 2023 Mar;108(3):491-502.
32. Greenlund IM, Cunningham HA, Tikkanen AL, et al. Morning sympathetic activity after evening binge alcohol consumption. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2021 Jan 1;320(1):H305-15.
33. Sato Y, Sugiyama Y, Ishida T, et al. The Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in Modulating Airway Defensive Reflexes. Antioxidants. 2025 May 9;14(5):568.
34. Adivitiya, Kaushik MS, Chakraborty S, et al. Mucociliary respiratory epithelium integrity in molecular defense and susceptibility to pulmonary viral infections. Biology. 2021 Jan 29;10(2):95.
35. Karkoulias K, Tsitsaras H, Patouchas D, et al. The alcoholic lung disease: historical background and clinical features. Medicina. 2008 Sep;44(9):651.
36. Harjumäki R, Pridgeon CS, Ingelman-Sundberg M. CYP2E1 in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver injury. Roles of ROS, reactive intermediates, and lipid overload. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Jul 30;22(15):8221.
37. Hulsebus HJ, Najarro KM, McMahan RH, et al. Ethanol intoxication impairs respiratory function and bacterial clearance and is associated with neutrophil accumulation in the lung after Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022 May 4;13:884719.
38. Imtiaz S, Shield KD, Roerecke M, et al. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and burden of disease. European Respiratory Journal. 2017 Jul 13;50(1).
39. Mörs K, Hörauf JA, Kany S, et al. Ethanol decreases inflammatory response in human lung epithelial cells by inhibiting the canonical NF-kB pathway. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 2017 Oct 17;43(1):17-30.
40. Liu T, De Los Santos FG, Phan SH. The bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. InFibrosis: Methods and Protocols 2017 Aug 24 (pp. 27-42). New York, NY: Springer New York.
41. Giorgetti A, Orazietti V, Busardo FP, et al. Psychomotor performances relevant for driving under the combined effect of ethanol and synthetic cannabinoids: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2023 Feb 24;14:1131335.
42. Zięba S, Maciejczyk M, Zalewska A. Ethanol-and cigarette smoke-related alterations in oral redox homeostasis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022 Jan 28;12:793028.
43. Traphagen N, Tian Z, Allen-Gipson D. Chronic ethanol exposure: pathogenesis of pulmonary disease and dysfunction. Biomolecules. 2015 Oct 20;5(4):2840-53.
44. Virgili F, Nenna R, Ben David S, et al. E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2022 Jun 14;48(1):97.
45. Bailey KL, Samuelson DR, Wyatt TA. Alcohol use disorder: A pre-existing condition for COVID-19?. Alcohol. 2021 Feb 1;90:11-7.
46. Patel A. Alcohol Use Disorder and Critical Illness. In Substance Use Disorders in Adult Critically Ill Patients 2024 Oct 25 (pp. 27-37). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
47. Kaphalia L, Calhoun WJ. Alcoholic lung injury: metabolic, biochemical and immunological aspects. Toxicology Letters. 2013 Oct 24;222(2):171-9.
48. Happel KI, Nelson S. Alcohol, immunosuppression, and the lung. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2005 Dec;2(5):428-32.
49. Teschke R, Neuman MG, Liangpunsakul S, et al. Alcoholic Liver Disease and the co-triggering Role of MEOS with Its CYP 2 E 1 Catalytic Cycle and ROS. Archives of Gastroenterology Research. 2021 Feb 16;2(1):9-25.
50. Juan CA, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Plou FJ, et al. The chemistry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revisited: outlining their role in biological macromolecules (DNA, lipids and proteins) and induced pathologies. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Apr 28;22(9):4642.
51. Iciek M, Bilska-Wilkosz A, Kozdrowicki M, et al. Reactive sulfur compounds in the fight against COVID-19. Antioxidants. 2022 May 26;11(6):1053.
52. Schumacker PT. Lung cell hypoxia: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species signaling in triggering responses. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2011 Nov 1;8(6):477-84.
53. Cho HY, Kleeberger SR. Mitochondrial biology in airway pathogenesis and the role of NRF2. Archives of pharmacal research. 2020 Mar;43(3):297-320.
54. Le Dare B, Lagente V, Gicquel T. Ethanol and its metabolites: update on toxicity, benefits, and focus on immunomodulatory effects. Drug metabolism reviews. 2019 Oct 2;51(4):545-61.
55. Da Cruz Nizer WS, Inkovskiy V, et al. Oxidative stress response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens. 2021 Sep 14;10(9):1187.
56. Crotty K. Alveolar Macrophage Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunction During Chronic Alcohol Use (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University).
57. Luyt CE, Bouadma L, Morris AC, et al. Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS. Intensive care medicine. 2020 Dec;46(12):2168-83.
58. Wang X, Chen X, Lu L, et al. Alcoholism and osteoimmunology. Current medicinal chemistry. 2021 Mar 1;28(9):1815-28.
59. Ng TS, Britton GJ, Hill EV, Verhagen J, Burton BR, Wraith DC. Regulation of adaptive immunity; the role of interleukin-10. Frontiers in immunology. 2013 May 31;4:129.
60. Nowak AJ, Relja B. The impact of acute or chronic alcohol intake on the NF-κB signaling pathway in alcohol-related liver disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020 Dec 10;21(24):9407.
61. Trevejo-Nunez G, Kolls JK, De Wit M. Alcohol use as a risk factor in infections and healing: a clinician’s perspective. Alcohol research: current reviews. 2015;37(2):177.
62. Kershaw CD, Guidot DM. Alcoholic lung disease. Alcohol Research & Health. 2008;31(1):66.
63. Joshi PC, Guidot DM. The alcoholic lung: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential therapies. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2007 Apr;292(4):L813-23.
64. Mehta AJ. Alcoholism and critical illness: A review. World J Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb 4;5(1):27-35. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v5.i1.27. PMID: 26855891; PMCID: PMC4733453.
65. Berner MM, Kriston L, Bentele M,et al. The alcohol use disorders identification test for detecting at-risk drinking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs. 2007 May;68(3):461-73.
66. Wigger GW, Bouton TC, Jacobson KR, Auld SC, Yeligar SM, Staitieh BS. The impact of alcohol use disorder on tuberculosis: a review of the epidemiology and potential immunologic mechanisms. Frontiers in immunology. 2022 Mar 31;13:864817.
67. Ramadori GP. Organophosphorus poisoning: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiac failure as cause of death in hospitalized patients. International journal of molecular sciences. 2023 Apr 3;24(7):6658.
68. Sisson JH. Alcohol and airways function in health and disease. Alcohol. 2007 Aug 1;41(5):293-307.
69. Albert RK. Constant Vt ventilation and surfactant dysfunction: an overlooked cause of ventilator-induced lung injury. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2022 Jan 15;205(2):152-60.
70. Seaman EL. Co-Occurring Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among Young Adults: A Sequential Explanatory Mixed Methods Study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park).
71. Babor TE, Higgins-Biddle J, Dauser D, et al. Alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care settings: implementation models and predictors. Journal of studies on alcohol. 2005 May;66(3):361-8.
72. Simou E, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. Alcohol and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2018 Aug 1;8(8):e022344.
73. Guidot DM, Roman J. Chronic ethanol ingestion increases susceptibility to acute lung injury: role of oxidative stress and tissue remodeling. Chest. 2002 Dec 1;122(6):309S-14S.
74. Edenberg HJ. The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants. Alcohol Research & Health. 2007;30(1):5.
75. Moss M, Burnham EL. Chronic alcohol abuse, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. Critical care medicine. 2003 Apr 1;31(4):S207-12.
76. Guidot DM, Hart MC. Alcohol abuse and acute lung injury: epidemiology and pathophysiology of a recently recognized association. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2005 Jul;53(5):235-45.
77. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, Allen HL, Lindgren CM, Luan JA, Mägi R, Randall JC. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nature genetics. 2010 Nov;42(11):937-48.
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Aug 22, 2025
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Dr. Priyanka N, Dr. Kavitha N. S, Ms. Afrah Faritha S, Ms. Aishwarya M. R., Ms. Aswini R. P., & Ms. Tejasri V. S. (2025). ADME PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 857-870. https://doi.org/10.53555/5na9c493
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Author Biographies
Dr. Priyanka N
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Tiruttani
Dr. Kavitha N. S
Department Of Pharmacy Practice, Jaya College of Pharmacy, Thiruninravur
Ms. Afrah Faritha S
B. Pharm, GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tirutani
Ms. Aishwarya M. R.
B. Pharm, GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tirutani
Ms. Aswini R. P.
B. Pharm, GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tirutani
Ms. Tejasri V. S
B. Pharm, GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tirutani
How to Cite
Dr. Priyanka N, Dr. Kavitha N. S, Ms. Afrah Faritha S, Ms. Aishwarya M. R., Ms. Aswini R. P., & Ms. Tejasri V. S. (2025). ADME PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 857-870. https://doi.org/10.53555/5na9c493