PCP IN NON-HIV PATIENTS - CLINICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND TREATMENT OUTCOME IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PCP AT MAX HOSPITAL
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
The occurrence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in patients who do not have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still rising. In this study, we detected possible factors for in-patient mortality in HIV–negative patients with PneumoCystis Pneumonia admitted in ICU.
References
1. Kinnunen S, Karhapaa P, Juutilainen A, et al. Secular trends in infection-related mortality after kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 13(5): 755-762. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
2. Antinori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, et al. Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition. HIV Med. 2011; 12(1): 61-64. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
3. Lodwick RK, Sabin CA, Porter K, et al. Death rates in HIV-positive antiretroviral-naive patients with cd4 count greater than 350 cells per microl in Europe and North America: a pooled cohort observational study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9738): 340-345. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
4. Bitar D, Lortholary O, Le Strat Y, et al. Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(7): 1149-1155. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
5. Kosaka M, Ushiki A, Ikuyama Y, et al. A four-center retrospective study of the efficacy and toxicity of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without HIV infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(12): e01173–17. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
6. Monnet X, Vidal-Petiot E, Osman D, et al. Critical care management and outcome of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with and without HIV infection. Crit Care. 2008; 12(1): R28. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
7. Sepkowitz KA, Brown AE, Telzak EE, Gottlieb S, Armstrong D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without aids at a cancer hospital. JAMA. 1992; 267(6): 832-837. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
8. Yale SH, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71(1): 5-13. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
9. Schmidt JJ, Lueck C, Ziesing S, et al. Clinical course, treatment and outcome of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: a retrospective analysis over 17 years. Crit Care. 2018; 22(1): 307-315. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
10. Kim SJ, Lee J, Cho YJ, et al. Prognostic factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients without HIV infection. J Infect. 2014; 69(1): 88-95. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
11. Ko Y, Jeong BH, Park HY, et al. Outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia with respiratory failure in HIV-negative patients. J Crit Care. 2014; 29(3): 356-361. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
12. Chen M, Tian X, Qin F, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study focused on clinical characteristics and prognostic factors related to death. Plos One. 2015; 10(9):e139144. Web of Science®Google Scholar
13. Fillatre P, Decaux O, Jouneau S, et al. Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients. Am J Med. 2014; 127(12): 1211-1242. Web of Science®Google Scholar
14. Roblot F, Le Moal G, Godet C, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a descriptive study. J Infect. 2003; 47(1): 19-27. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
15. Nuesch R, Bellini C, Zimmerli W. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 29(6): 1519-1523. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
16. Vogel MN, Vatlach M, Weissgerber P, et al. HRCT-features of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and their evolution before and after treatment in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Eur J Radiol. 2012; 81(6): 1315-1320. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
17. Ricciardi A, Gentilotti E, Coppola L, et al. Infectious disease ward admission positively influences P. jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) outcome: a retrospective analysis of 116 HIV-positive and HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. Plos One. 2017; 12(5):e176881. Web of Science®Google Scholar
18. Enomoto T, Azuma A, Kohno A, et al. Differences in the clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromized patients with and without hiv infection. Respirology. 2010; 15(1): 126-131. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
19. Ainoda Y, Hirai Y, Fujita T, et al. Analysis of clinical features of non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2012; 18(5): 722-728. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
20. Tasaka S, Kobayashi S, Yagi K, et al. Serum (1 --> 3) beta-d-glucan assay for discrimination between Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization. J I Infect Chemother. 2014; 20(11): 678-681. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
21. Lee WS, Hsueh PR, Hsieh TC, Chen FL, Ou TY, Jean SS. Caspofungin salvage therapy in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2017; 50(4): 547-548. PubMedGoogle Scholar
22. Pliquett RU, Asbe-Vollkopf A, Hauser PM, et al. A Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia outbreak in a single kidney-transplant center: role of cytomegalovirus co-infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31(9): 2429-2437. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
23. Asai N, Motojima S, Ohkuni Y, et al. Non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia: do conventional community-acquired pneumonia guidelines under estimate its severity? Multidiscip Respir Med. 2012; 7(1): 2-7. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
24. Asai N, Motojima S, Ohkuni Y, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the survival of Pneumocystis pneumonia patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J I Infect Chemother. 2012; 18(6): 898-905. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
25. Moon SM, Kim T, Sung H, et al. Outcomes of moderate-to-severe Pneumocystis pneumonia treated with adjunctive steroid in non-HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55(10): 4613-4618. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
26. Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L, Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 10: D5590. Google Scholar
27. Li MC, Lee NY, Lee CC, Lee HC, Chang CM, Ko WC. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: delayed diagnosis and poor outcomes in non-HIV-infected individuals. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2014; 47(1): 42-47. PubMedGoogle Scholar
28. Maertens J, Cesaro S, Maschmeyer G, et al. Ecil guidelines for preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71(9): 2397-2404.CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
29. Fei MW, Kim EJ, Sant CA, et al. Predicting mortality from HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia at illness presentation: an observational cohort study. Thorax. 2009; 64(12): 1070-1076. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
30. Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, et al. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985-2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46(4): 625-633. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
31. Lopez-Sanchez C, Falco V, Burgos J, et al. Epidemiology and long-term survival in HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the HAART era: experience in a university hospital and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015; 94(12):e681. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
32. Roux A, Canet E, Valade S, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with or without aids, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(9): 1490-1497. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
33. Stapleton RD, Wang BM, Hudson LD, Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell ES, Steinberg KP. Causes and timing of death in patients with ARDS. Chest. 2005; 128(2): 525-532. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
34. Azoulay E, Thiery G, Chevret S, et al. The prognosis of acute respiratory failure in critically ill cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004; 83(6): 360-370. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
35. Bedos JP, Dumoulin JL, Gachot B, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring intensive care management: survival and prognostic study in 110 patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27(6): 1109-1115. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
36. Kollef MH. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: the role of emerging therapies and diagnostics. Chest. 2015; 147(6): 1448-1450 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
37. Safe IP, Oliveira VC, Marinho PM, et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax: a fatal complication in HIV-infected patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2014; 18(4): 466.PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
38. Liu CJ, Lee TF, Ruan SY, Yu CJ, Chien JY, Hsueh PR. Clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV-infected patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2019; 12: 1457-1467. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
39. Pastores SM, Garay SM, Naidich DP, et al. Review: pneumothorax in patients with aids-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Med Sci. 1996; 312(5): 229-234. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
40. Delclaux C, Zahar JR, Amraoui G, et al. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: retrospective study of 31 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 29(3): 670-672. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
41. Lemiale V, Debrumetz A, Delannoy A, Alberti C, Azoulay E. Adjunctive steroid in HIV-negative patients with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia. Respir Res. 2013; 14(1): 87-93. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
42. Pareja JG, Garland R, Koziel H. Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest. 1998; 113(5): 1215-1224. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
43. Maschmeyer G, Helweg-Larsen J, Pagano L, Robin C, Cordonnier C, Schellongowski P. Ecil guidelines for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected haematology patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71(9): 2405-2413. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
44. Kamboj M, Weinstock D, Sepkowitz KA. Progression of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients receiving echinocandin therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43(9): e92-e94. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
45. Kim T, Hong HL, Lee YM, et al. Is caspofungin really an effective treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection? Experiences at a single center and a literature review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013; 45(6): 484-488. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
46. Huang HB, Peng JM, Du B. Echinocandins for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients: a case report. Exp Ther Med. 2018; 16(4): 3227-3232. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
47. Hof H, Schnulle P. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis treated efficiently with caspofungin. Mycoses. 2008; 51(Suppl 1): 65-67. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
48. Kinnunen S, Karhapaa P, Juutilainen A, et al. Secular trends in infection-related mortality after kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 13(5): 755-762. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
49. Antinori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, et al. Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition. HIV Med. 2011; 12(1): 61-64. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
50. Lodwick RK, Sabin CA, Porter K, et al. Death rates in HIV-positive antiretroviral-naive patients with cd4 count greater than 350 cells per microl in Europe and North America: a pooled cohort observational study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9738): 340-345. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
51. Bitar D, Lortholary O, Le Strat Y, et al. Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(7): 1149-1155. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
52. Kosaka M, Ushiki A, Ikuyama Y, et al. A four-center retrospective study of the efficacy and toxicity of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without HIV infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(12): e01173–17. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
53. Monnet X, Vidal-Petiot E, Osman D, et al. Critical care management and outcome of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with and without HIV infection. Crit Care. 2008; 12(1): R28. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
54. Sepkowitz KA, Brown AE, Telzak EE, Gottlieb S, Armstrong D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without aids at a cancer hospital. JAMA. 1992; 267(6): 832-837. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
55. Yale SH, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71(1): 5-13. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
56. Schmidt JJ, Lueck C, Ziesing S, et al. Clinical course, treatment and outcome of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: a retrospective analysis over 17 years. Crit Care. 2018; 22(1): 307-315. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
57. Kim SJ, Lee J, Cho YJ, et al. Prognostic factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients without HIV infection. J Infect. 2014; 69(1): 88-95. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
58. Ko Y, Jeong BH, Park HY, et al. Outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia with respiratory failure in HIV-negative patients. J Crit Care. 2014; 29(3): 356-361. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
59. Chen M, Tian X, Qin F, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study focused on clinical characteristics and prognostic factors related to death. Plos One. 2015; 10(9):e139144. Web of Science®Google Scholar
60. Fillatre P, Decaux O, Jouneau S, et al. Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients. Am J Med. 2014; 127(12): 1211-1242. Web of Science®Google Scholar
61. Roblot F, Le Moal G, Godet C, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a descriptive study. J Infect. 2003; 47(1): 19-27. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
62. Nuesch R, Bellini C, Zimmerli W. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 29(6): 1519-1523. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
63. Vogel MN, Vatlach M, Weissgerber P, et al. HRCT-features of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and their evolution before and after treatment in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Eur J Radiol. 2012; 81(6): 1315-1320. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
64. Ricciardi A, Gentilotti E, Coppola L, et al. Infectious disease ward admission positively influences P. jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) outcome: a retrospective analysis of 116 HIV-positive and HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. Plos One. 2017; 12(5):e176881. Web of Science®Google Scholar
65. Enomoto T, Azuma A, Kohno A, et al. Differences in the clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromized patients with and without hiv infection. Respirology. 2010; 15(1): 126-131. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
66. Ainoda Y, Hirai Y, Fujita T, et al. Analysis of clinical features of non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2012; 18(5): 722-728. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
67. Tasaka S, Kobayashi S, Yagi K, et al. Serum (1 --> 3) beta-d-glucan assay for discrimination between Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization. J I Infect Chemother. 2014; 20(11): 678-681. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
68. Lee WS, Hsueh PR, Hsieh TC, Chen FL, Ou TY, Jean SS. Caspofungin salvage therapy in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2017; 50(4): 547-548. PubMedGoogle Scholar
69. Pliquett RU, Asbe-Vollkopf A, Hauser PM, et al. A Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia outbreak in a single kidney-transplant center: role of cytomegalovirus co-infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31(9): 2429-2437. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
70. Asai N, Motojima S, Ohkuni Y, et al. Non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia: do conventional community-acquired pneumonia guidelines under estimate its severity? Multidiscip Respir Med. 2012; 7(1): 2-7. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
71. Asai N, Motojima S, Ohkuni Y, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the survival of Pneumocystis pneumonia patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J I Infect Chemother. 2012; 18(6): 898-905. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
72. Moon SM, Kim T, Sung H, et al. Outcomes of moderate-to-severe Pneumocystis pneumonia treated with adjunctive steroid in non-HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55(10): 4613-4618. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
73. Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L, Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 10: D5590. Google Scholar
74. Li MC, Lee NY, Lee CC, Lee HC, Chang CM, Ko WC. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: delayed diagnosis and poor outcomes in non-HIV-infected individuals. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2014; 47(1): 42-47. PubMedGoogle Scholar
75. Maertens J, Cesaro S, Maschmeyer G, et al. Ecil guidelines for preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71(9): 2397-2404. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
76. Fei MW, Kim EJ, Sant CA, et al. Predicting mortality from HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia at illness presentation: an observational cohort study. Thorax. 2009; 64(12): 1070-1076. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
77. Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, et al. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985-2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46(4): 625-633. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
78. Lopez-Sanchez C, Falco V, Burgos J, et al. Epidemiology and long-term survival in HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the HAART era: experience in a university hospital and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015; 94(12):e681. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
79. Roux A, Canet E, Valade S, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with or without aids, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(9): 1490-1497. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
80. Stapleton RD, Wang BM, Hudson LD, Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell ES, Steinberg KP. Causes and timing of death in patients with ARDS. Chest. 2005; 128(2): 525-532. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
81. Azoulay E, Thiery G, Chevret S, et al. The prognosis of acute respiratory failure in critically ill cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004; 83(6): 360-370. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
82. Bedos JP, Dumoulin JL, Gachot B, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring intensive care management: survival and prognostic study in 110 patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27(6): 1109-1115. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
83. Kollef MH. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: the role of emerging therapies and diagnostics. Chest. 2015; 147(6): 1448-1450. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
84. Safe IP, Oliveira VC, Marinho PM, et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax: a fatal complication in HIV-infected patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2014; 18(4): 466. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
85. Liu CJ, Lee TF, Ruan SY, Yu CJ, Chien JY, Hsueh PR. Clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV-infected patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2019; 12: 1457-1467. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
86. Pastores SM, Garay SM, Naidich DP, et al. Review: pneumothorax in patients with aids-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Med Sci. 1996; 312(5): 229-234. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
87. Delclaux C, Zahar JR, Amraoui G, et al. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: retrospective study of 31 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 29(3): 670-672. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
88. Lemiale V, Debrumetz A, Delannoy A, Alberti C, Azoulay E. Adjunctive steroid in HIV-negative patients with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia. Respir Res. 2013; 14(1): 87-93. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
89. Pareja JG, Garland R, Koziel H. Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest. 1998; 113(5): 1215-1224. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
90. Maschmeyer G, Helweg-Larsen J, Pagano L, Robin C, Cordonnier C, Schellongowski P. Ecil guidelines for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected haematology patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71(9): 2405-2413. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
91. Kamboj M, Weinstock D, Sepkowitz KA. Progression of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients receiving echinocandin therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43(9): e92-e94. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
92. Kim T, Hong HL, Lee YM, et al. Is caspofungin really an effective treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection? Experiences at a single center and a literature review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013; 45(6): 484-488. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
93. Huang HB, Peng JM, Du B. Echinocandins for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients: a case report. Exp Ther Med. 2018; 16(4): 3227-3232. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
94. Hof H, Schnulle P. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis treated efficiently with caspofungin. Mycoses. 2008; 51(Suppl 1): 65-67. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
2. Antinori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, et al. Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition. HIV Med. 2011; 12(1): 61-64. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
3. Lodwick RK, Sabin CA, Porter K, et al. Death rates in HIV-positive antiretroviral-naive patients with cd4 count greater than 350 cells per microl in Europe and North America: a pooled cohort observational study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9738): 340-345. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
4. Bitar D, Lortholary O, Le Strat Y, et al. Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(7): 1149-1155. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
5. Kosaka M, Ushiki A, Ikuyama Y, et al. A four-center retrospective study of the efficacy and toxicity of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without HIV infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(12): e01173–17. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
6. Monnet X, Vidal-Petiot E, Osman D, et al. Critical care management and outcome of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with and without HIV infection. Crit Care. 2008; 12(1): R28. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
7. Sepkowitz KA, Brown AE, Telzak EE, Gottlieb S, Armstrong D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without aids at a cancer hospital. JAMA. 1992; 267(6): 832-837. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
8. Yale SH, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71(1): 5-13. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
9. Schmidt JJ, Lueck C, Ziesing S, et al. Clinical course, treatment and outcome of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: a retrospective analysis over 17 years. Crit Care. 2018; 22(1): 307-315. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
10. Kim SJ, Lee J, Cho YJ, et al. Prognostic factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients without HIV infection. J Infect. 2014; 69(1): 88-95. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
11. Ko Y, Jeong BH, Park HY, et al. Outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia with respiratory failure in HIV-negative patients. J Crit Care. 2014; 29(3): 356-361. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
12. Chen M, Tian X, Qin F, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study focused on clinical characteristics and prognostic factors related to death. Plos One. 2015; 10(9):e139144. Web of Science®Google Scholar
13. Fillatre P, Decaux O, Jouneau S, et al. Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients. Am J Med. 2014; 127(12): 1211-1242. Web of Science®Google Scholar
14. Roblot F, Le Moal G, Godet C, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a descriptive study. J Infect. 2003; 47(1): 19-27. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
15. Nuesch R, Bellini C, Zimmerli W. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 29(6): 1519-1523. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
16. Vogel MN, Vatlach M, Weissgerber P, et al. HRCT-features of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and their evolution before and after treatment in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Eur J Radiol. 2012; 81(6): 1315-1320. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
17. Ricciardi A, Gentilotti E, Coppola L, et al. Infectious disease ward admission positively influences P. jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) outcome: a retrospective analysis of 116 HIV-positive and HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. Plos One. 2017; 12(5):e176881. Web of Science®Google Scholar
18. Enomoto T, Azuma A, Kohno A, et al. Differences in the clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromized patients with and without hiv infection. Respirology. 2010; 15(1): 126-131. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
19. Ainoda Y, Hirai Y, Fujita T, et al. Analysis of clinical features of non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2012; 18(5): 722-728. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
20. Tasaka S, Kobayashi S, Yagi K, et al. Serum (1 --> 3) beta-d-glucan assay for discrimination between Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization. J I Infect Chemother. 2014; 20(11): 678-681. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
21. Lee WS, Hsueh PR, Hsieh TC, Chen FL, Ou TY, Jean SS. Caspofungin salvage therapy in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2017; 50(4): 547-548. PubMedGoogle Scholar
22. Pliquett RU, Asbe-Vollkopf A, Hauser PM, et al. A Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia outbreak in a single kidney-transplant center: role of cytomegalovirus co-infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31(9): 2429-2437. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
23. Asai N, Motojima S, Ohkuni Y, et al. Non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia: do conventional community-acquired pneumonia guidelines under estimate its severity? Multidiscip Respir Med. 2012; 7(1): 2-7. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
24. Asai N, Motojima S, Ohkuni Y, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the survival of Pneumocystis pneumonia patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J I Infect Chemother. 2012; 18(6): 898-905. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
25. Moon SM, Kim T, Sung H, et al. Outcomes of moderate-to-severe Pneumocystis pneumonia treated with adjunctive steroid in non-HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55(10): 4613-4618. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
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90. Maschmeyer G, Helweg-Larsen J, Pagano L, Robin C, Cordonnier C, Schellongowski P. Ecil guidelines for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected haematology patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71(9): 2405-2413. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
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92. Kim T, Hong HL, Lee YM, et al. Is caspofungin really an effective treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection? Experiences at a single center and a literature review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013; 45(6): 484-488. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
93. Huang HB, Peng JM, Du B. Echinocandins for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients: a case report. Exp Ther Med. 2018; 16(4): 3227-3232. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
94. Hof H, Schnulle P. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis treated efficiently with caspofungin. Mycoses. 2008; 51(Suppl 1): 65-67. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
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Aug 02, 2025
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Dr Deepanshu Chawla, Dr Ajay Lall, Dr. Anish Kumar, & Dr. Swati Guru. (2025). PCP IN NON-HIV PATIENTS - CLINICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND TREATMENT OUTCOME IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PCP AT MAX HOSPITAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.53555/eg3vbs80
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Author Biographies
Dr Deepanshu Chawla
Attending Consultant, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Max Hospital, Saket
Dr Ajay Lall
Senior Consultant, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Max Hospital Saket
Dr. Anish Kumar
Consultant, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Max Hospital Saket
Dr. Swati Guru
Attending Consultant, Anesthesiology
How to Cite
Dr Deepanshu Chawla, Dr Ajay Lall, Dr. Anish Kumar, & Dr. Swati Guru. (2025). PCP IN NON-HIV PATIENTS - CLINICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND TREATMENT OUTCOME IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PCP AT MAX HOSPITAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.53555/eg3vbs80