PHENOTYPES AND RISK FACTORS OF ANEMIA IN PRE END STAGE RENAL DISEASE CONCOMITANT WITH ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE KIDNEY.
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Keywords
chronic kidney disease (CKD), pre-end-stage renal disease, Anemia, erythropoiesis,
Abstract
Background: Non-glomerular kidney disease is classified as progressive or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), with chronic anemia frequently arising from the progression of chronic renal insufficiency, often addressed by insufficient erythropoiesis stimulation.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the phenotypes and risk factors of anemia in patients with pre-end-stage renal disease as well as to conduct ultrasonographic assessments of the kidneys to identify underlying etiologies and to assess disease chronicity.
Method: This research investigated the prevalence of anemia in 50 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at Al-Azhar University Hospitals. The patients were categorized into two groups: individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and those not undergoing therapy or dialysis. The control group comprised 20 healthy participants. All patients and controls participated in a comprehensive evaluation, encompassing medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasonography.
Results: The results indicated no significant disparities in demographic and anthropometric variables between the CKD patient cohort and the healthy control cohort. Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension were the predominant co-morbidities among CKD patients, impacting 52% of the group. All CKD patients exhibited anemia, with the predominant anemia phenotype being Normocytic-Normochromic Anemia (NNA) at 72%. Prevalent risk factors for anemia in chronic kidney disease patients encompassed elevated CRP, ESR, blood urea, serum creatinine, diminished GFR, heightened serum ferritin, anorexia, positive occult blood in stool, and erythropoietin insufficiency.
Conclusion: A study of 70 Egyptian volunteers found anemia prevalent in pre-ESRD patients, with diabetes and hypertension being the main causes. The study highlights the need for further research.
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Ayman S. A. M. Ayad
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.
Alshaimaa Sobhy Aboshady
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan university, Helwan, Egypt.
Mohamed Sabry Amer
Department of Internal Medicine, Benha Teatcing Hospital, Benha, Egypt.
Basem Abd El-hamid
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.
Hamdy S.A. Othman
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.
Ahmed M. Mustafa
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.
Ayman N. Mostafa
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.
Elsayed Mohamed Abd El-Hamid Hassan
Department of radiology, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.
Mohamed A. Younes
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.
Fatma Mohamed Ramadan Ibrahim Negm
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, For Girls. Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt.
Ola Ahmed Bahgat
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, For Girls. Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt.
Mohamed Abdul Fattah Elasalamoni
Department of Medical physiology, Faculty of medicine, Al- Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Suzan Eid Elshishtawy Ibrahim
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.