Association between vitamin D3 and glutathione levels in COVID-19 individual
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19; oxidative stress; reduced glutathione (GSH); vitamin D3
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease associated with a high rate of infection and death, especially for the older males when they have low levels of glutathione (GSH) and vitamin D. The GSH status is positively associated with the bioavailability of vitamin D. The GSH deficiency is correlated by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers which implicate the increase in the severity of the disease.
Objective: To verify the vitamin D–GSH levels interaction among healthy and COVID- 19 patients.
Method: Control healthy group (166) individuals and (171) COVID-19 patients were involved in this study. Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters, vitamin D, and inflammatory markers were estimated in both groups.
Results: The COVID-19 patients showed significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl group (PC), interleukin-6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) and significantly low levels of GSH and vitamin D compared to the healthy control group, the aged and male COVID-19 group display significantly higher levels of MDA, PC, and significantly low levels for GSH compared with younger and women group.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 patient correlated with higher oxidative stress, inflammatory marker, and low level of antioxidant GSH and vitamin D which occur with advancing age, especially within the male.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021
7. Aarón J, Méndez R, Ester R, et al. N-acetylcysteine as a potential treatment for novel coronavirus disease 2019. Fut Microbiol. 2020; 15: 959–962. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0074
8. Horowitz RI, Freeman PR, and Bruzzese J. Efficacyof glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: a report of 2 cases. Respir Med Case Rep. 2020; 30: 101063.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101063
9. Choudhuri SK. Glutathione enrichment as a possible prevention and treatment for COVID-19.Int J Pharma Sci Sci Res. 2020; 6(4): 65–66.
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11. Sastre J, Federico VP, and Viña J. Glutathione,oxidative stress and aging. AGE. 1996; 19: 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02434082
12. Berridge MJ. Vitamin D cell signalling in health and disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015; 460(1): 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.008
13. Alvarez JA, Chowdhury R, Jones DP, et al. Vitamin D status is independently associated with plasmaglutathione and cysteine thiol/disulphide redox status in adults. Clin Endocrinol. 2014; 81:458−466. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12449
14. Jain SK, Micinski D, Huning L, et al. Vitamin D and L-cysteine levels correlate positively with GSH and negatively with insulin resistance levels
in the blood of type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014; 68: 1148−1153. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.114
15. Banerjee K, Biswas MK, and Choudhuri SK. A newly synthesized Nickel chelate can selectively target and overcome multidrug resistance in
cancer through redox imbalance both in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2017; 22(8): 1223–1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-017-1498-4
16. Banerjee K, Ganguly A, Chakraborty P, et al. ROS and RNS induced apoptosis through p53 and iNOS mediated pathway by a dibasic hydroxamic acid molecule in leukemia cells. Eur J Pharm Sci.2014; 52: 146–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.009
17. Basu S, Ganguly A, Chakraborty P, et al. Targeting the mitochondrial pathway to induce apoptosis/necrosis through ROS by a newly
developed Schiff’s base to overcome MDR in cancer. Biochimie. 2012; 94: 166–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2011.10.004
18. Townsend DM, Tew KD, and Tapiero H. The importance of glutathione in human disease, Biomed Pharmacol. 2003; 57: 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0753-3322(03)00043-X
19. Silvagno F, Vernone A, and Pescarmona GP. The role of glutathione in protecting against the severe inflammatory response triggered by COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020; 9(7): 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070624
20. McGuinness AJ, and Sapey E. Oxidative stress in COPD: sources, markers, and potential mechanisms, J Clin Med. 2017; 6(2): 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6020021
21. Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;
18(2): 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-017-9424-1
22. Nobrega A. Importância da Vitamina d em COVID-19. Rev Ibero Am Hum Ciências Educ. 2021; 7(7): 1060–1081.
https://doi.org/10.51891/rease.v7i7.1746
23. Cantorna MT, Snyder L, Lin YD, et al. Vitamin D and 1, 25 (OH) 2D regulation of T cells. Nutrients. 2015; 7(4): 3011–3021.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043011
24. Zdrenghea MT, Makrinioti H, Bagacean C, et al. Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Rev Med
Virol. 2017; 27(1): e1909. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1909
25. Shi Y, Liu T, Yao L, et al. Chronic vitamin D deficiency induces lung fibrosis through activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Sci
Rep. 2017; 7(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03474-6
26. Yoshihara E, Masaki S, Matsuo Y, et al. Thioredoxin/Txnip: redoxisome, as a redox switch for the pathogenesis of diseases. Front
Immunol. 2014; 4: 514. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00514
27. Jain SK, Kahlon G, Bass P, et al. Can L-cysteine and vitamin D rescue vitamin D and vitamin D binding protein levels in blood plasma of African American type 2 diabetic patients? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015; 23(8): 688–693. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2015.6320
28. Jain SK, Marie PK, Warden C, et al. L‐cysteine supplementation upregulates glutathione (GSH) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) in
hepatocytes cultured in high glucose and in vivo in liver, and increases blood levels of GSH, VDBP, and 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D in Zucker
diabetic fatty rats. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016;60(5): 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500667
29. Parsanathan R, and Jain SK. Glutathione deficiency induces epigenetic alterations of vitamin D metabolism genes in the livers of
high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51377-5
30. Valencia DN. Brief review on COVID-19: the 2020 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Cureus. 2020; 12(3): e7386. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7386
31. Ntyonga-Pono MP. COVID-19 infection and oxidative stress: an under-explored approach for prevention and treatment? Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35(Suppl. 2): 12.https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.2.22877
32. Droge W, Schulze-Osthoff K, Mihm S, et al. Functions of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in immunology and immunopathology.
FASEB J. 1994; 8(14): 1131–1138. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.8.14.7958618
33. Hayes JD, and Dinkova-Kostova AT. The Nrf2 regulatory network provides an interface between redox and intermediary metabolism.
Trends Biochem Sci. 2014; 39(4): 199–218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2014.02.002
34. Lee DH, Gold R, and Linker RA. Mechanisms of oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic
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Feb 5, 2023
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Khalid Hassan Abdalruda. (2023). Association between vitamin D3 and glutathione levels in COVID-19 individual. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2022.1001
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