LATEST SOPHISTICATED BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF GENETICS-CLONING ONE OF THE WONDERS OF LIFE SCIENCE-A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF TECHNIQUE AND SUCCESS RATE
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Keywords
Cloning, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology, Success Rate, Systematic Review
Abstract
Introduction
In this world everyone looks different. This is genetic diversity ( differences in our genes). It is important to the survival of any species. When living organs reproduce, sperm and eggs genes get mixed with each-other, now combined genes make a baby with a somewhat change genetic constituent with their each parent . Baby can look completely different from the parents.
But in cloning, one organism is made that is an exact copy of another. Like photocopies , clones have the exact s DNA as the donor organism. Cloning does not require sexual reproduction to produce their progeny. To make a clone, an egg is taken from a donor, and a structure called the nucleus, which have DNA, is taken out. In this enucleated cell is injected DNA from the other organism( organism which be want cloned ). The egg is stimulated to divide and insert in a surrogate mother to form a new organism
METHODS & MATERIAL -Cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor . The success of cloning an entire animal, Dolly, from a differentiated adult mammary epithelial cell has created a revolution in science. It demonstrated that genes inactivated during tissue differentiation can be completely re-activated by a process called nuclear reprogramming: the reversion of a differentiated nucleus back to a totipotent status. Somatic cloning may be used to generate multiple copies of genetically elite farm animals, to produce transgenic animals for pharmaceutical protein production or xeno-transplantation or to preserve endangered species. With optimization, it also promises enormous biomedical potential for therapeutic cloning and allo-transplantation [6]. In addition to its practical applications, cloning has become an essential tool for studying gene function [7], genomic imprinting [8], genomic re-programming [9-12], regulation of development, genetic diseases, and gene therapy, as well as many other topics.
CONCLUSIONAlthough ethical issues stand in the way of cloning full humans, Although highly controversial, human reproductive cloning could be beneficial to society. First, couples who are unable to conceive could still have genetically related offspring.
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Dr Sanjula Singh
Md Assistant professor in department of Anatomy Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi
Dr Sachin Mahur
MD Professor and head, Department of Radiation Oncology, MLB Medical College, Jhansi, UP
Dr Ritu bala Soni
Associate Professor Department of Anatomy, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, M.P.
Dr Sona Mahur
PG JR Anatomy, ASMC Firozabad, UP
Saumya Mahur
Biomedical engineering, ASU, USA