IPC PRACTICES AND MINIMUM REQUIRED STANDARDS – GUIDELINES VS REAL PRACTICES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Infection Prevention and Control (IPC), healthcare workers, compliance, personal protective equipment (PPE), training interventions
Abstract
This study investigates the compliance of healthcare workers with Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in clinical settings, focusing on hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and environmental sanitation. It compares the adherence to recommended IPC guidelines versus actual practices, and explores the factors influencing compliance, such as knowledge, attitudes, resource availability, and institutional policies. A sample of 150 healthcare workers across various roles and facility types was surveyed and analyzed using statistical methods including ANOVA and t-tests. The results revealed significant discrepancies between recommended guidelines and actual practices, with PPE usage showing the largest gap. Factors such as inadequate resources, time constraints, and lenient policy enforcement were identified as key barriers to compliance. Training interventions were found to significantly improve adherence to IPC practices. The study emphasizes the need for continuous education, resource allocation, and strict enforcement of policies to enhance IPC compliance and reduce healthcare-associated infections.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670109001868
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https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nigel-Barr-3/publication/329614936_A_qualitative_exploration_of_infection-prevention_and_control_guidance_for_Australian_paramedics/links/5d5495f7a6fdcc74dfa80f7c/A-qualitative-exploration-of-infection-prevention-and-control-guidance-for-Australian-paramedics.pdf
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6. Boyce, J. M., & Pittet, D. (2002). Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 23(S12), S3–S40. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/guideline-for-hand-hygiene-in-healthcare-settings-recommendations-of-the-healthcare-infection-control-practices-advisory-committee-and-the-hicpacsheaapicidsa-hand-hygiene-task-force/0DAA90BD3AF597180AFD4B78175D9AF3
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https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013582/abstract
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10. Erasmus, V., Daha, T. J., Brug, H., Richardus, J. H., Behrendt, M. D., Vos, M. C., & Van Beeck, E. F. (2010). Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 31(3), 283–294. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/systematicreview-of-studies-on-compliance-with-hand-hygiene-guidelines-in-hospitalcare/36AD78694A4A2BA831A598E9C935C92E
11. Gholizad Gougjehyaran, H., Motaarefi, H., Sakhaei, S., Ashrafi, M., & Zeinalpoor, S. (2025). The effect of an educational program on hand hygiene compliance among nursing students. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 411. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12912-025-03075-z
12. Harbarth, S., Sax, H., & Gastmeier, P. (2003). The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: An overview of published reports. Journal of Hospital Infection, 54(4), 258–266. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670103001506
13. Houben, F., Heijer, C. D. D., Dukers-Muijrers, N. H., Smeets-Peels, C., & Hoebe, C. J. (2023). Psychosocial determinants associated with healthcare workers’ self-reported compliance with infection prevention and control during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Dutch residential care facilities for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 2052. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-023-16912-0
14. Ibrahim, A. A., & Elshafie, S. S. (2016). Knowledge, awareness, and attitude regarding infection prevention and control among medical students: A call for educational intervention. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 505–510.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/AMEP.S109830
15. Islam, M. S., Rahman, K. M., Sun, Y., Qureshi, M. O., Abdi, I., Chughtai, A. A., & Seale, H. (2020). Current knowledge of COVID-19 and infection prevention and control strategies in healthcare settings: A global analysis. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 41(10), 1196–1206. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/current-knowledge-of-covid19-and-infection-prevention-and-control-strategies-in-healthcare-settings-a-global-analysis/92A6DE5D0B61CBEB5880F7A9FCC5C03F
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17. Lee, H., van de Mortel, T. F., & Zimmerman, P. A. (2025). The experiences and roles of infection prevention and control professionals working in residential care facilities during global outbreaks: An integrative review. Infection, Disease & Health. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468045125000021
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19. Murphy, D. M., Hanchett, M., Olmsted, R. N., Farber, M. R., Lee, T. B., Haas, J. P., & Streed, S. A. (2012). Competency in infection prevention: A conceptual approach to guide current and future practice. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(4), 296–303. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655312001654
20. National Centre for Disease Control. (2017). National Guidelines for Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Facilities. New Delhi: NCDC.
21. Nieuwoudt, S. (2014). Adherence to standard precautions in clinical nursing practice: A comparative study (Doctoral dissertation). Stellenbosch University. https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/86425
22. Otter, J. A., Yezli, S., & French, G. L. (2011). The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 32(7), 687–699.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/role-played-by-contaminated-surfaces-in-the-transmission-of-nosocomial-pathogens/F11A873DDEA8B75C0C79AADC78180775
23. Pittet, D., Allegranzi, B., Storr, J., Nejad, S. B., Dziekan, G., Leotsakos, A., & Donaldson, L. (2008). Infection control as a major World Health Organization priority for developing countries. Journal of Hospital Infection, 68(4), 285–292.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019567010800011X
24. Qureshi, M. O., Chughtai, A. A., & Seale, H. (2022). Recommendations related to occupational infection prevention and control training to protect healthcare workers from infectious diseases: A scoping review of infection prevention and control guidelines. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 272. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12913-022-07673-4
25. Sayami, J. T., Amatya, R., Karki, K., Bajracharya, D., Shrestha, B., Srinivasan, S., … & Kaljee, L. (2025). A nursing and midwifery training program in Kathmandu on antimicrobial resistance and stewardship and infection prevention and control: A qualitative and quantitative outcomes and process evaluation. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1497335. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1497335/full
26. Shaban, R. Z., Curtis, K., Fry, M., McCormack, B., Parker, D., Macbeth, D., … & Viengkham, C. (2025). Protocol to establish standards for the elements infection prevention and control programs and competencies for infection control professionals in Australian residential aged care homes. PLoS ONE, 20(2), e0319108.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319108
27. Steinecker, H. W. (2025). Challenges and Strategies of Implementing the World Health Organization Infection Control Protocols in Rural Ugandan Hospitals (Doctoral dissertation). The Medical College of Wisconsin.
https://search.proquest.com/openview/5a7bac467506307479ee8f681db309b7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
28. Stone, P. W., Braccia, D., & Larson, E. (2005). Systematic review of economic analyses of health care-associated infections. American Journal of Infection Control, 33(9), 501–509. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655305005225
29. Sundermann, A. J., Kumar, P., Griffith, M. P., Waggle, K. D., Rangachar Srinivasa, V., Raabe, N., … & Harrison, L. H. (2025). Real-Time Genomic Surveillance for Enhanced Healthcare Outbreak Detection and Control: Clinical and Economic Impact. Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciaf216. https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaf216/8122482
30. Tartari, E., Tomczyk, S., Pires, D., Zayed, B., Rehse, A. C., Kariyo, P., … & Allegranzi, B. (2021). Implementation of the infection prevention and control core components at the national level: A global situational analysis. Journal of Hospital Infection, 108, 94–103. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670120305491
31. Tartari, E., Tomczyk, S., Twyman, A., Rehse, A. P. C., Gomaa, M., Talaat, M., … & Allegranzi, B. (2024). Evaluating national infection prevention and control minimum requirements: Evidence from global cross-sectional surveys, 2017–22. The Lancet Global Health, 12(10), e1620–e1628. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(24)00277-8/fulltext
32. Tomczyk, S., Storr, J., Kilpatrick, C., & Allegranzi, B. (2021). Infection prevention and control (IPC) implementation in low-resource settings: A qualitative analysis. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 10, 1–11. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13756-021-00962-3
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Apr 23, 2025
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Kalyani Kuruva, Nagaraja Mudhigeti, M. Swarajya Lakshmi, Dr. Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan, Dr. B. R. Shamanna, & Dr.Ranga reddy Burri. (2025). IPC PRACTICES AND MINIMUM REQUIRED STANDARDS – GUIDELINES VS REAL PRACTICES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(4), 961-973. https://doi.org/10.53555/4zpcwv16
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Author Biographies
Kalyani Kuruva
PHD Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Saveetha medical college, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Nagaraja Mudhigeti
Department of Microbiology, Sri Balaji Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
M. Swarajya Lakshmi
Department of Microbiology, Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan
Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dr. B. R. Shamanna
Professor, School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad (UoH), Gachibowli, Telangana, India.
Dr.Ranga reddy Burri
President of Infection Control Academy of India (IFCAI) and Honorary Professor, School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad (UoH), Gachibowli, Telangana, India
How to Cite
Kalyani Kuruva, Nagaraja Mudhigeti, M. Swarajya Lakshmi, Dr. Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan, Dr. B. R. Shamanna, & Dr.Ranga reddy Burri. (2025). IPC PRACTICES AND MINIMUM REQUIRED STANDARDS – GUIDELINES VS REAL PRACTICES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(4), 961-973. https://doi.org/10.53555/4zpcwv16