ERIC PCR AND BOX PCR MARKERS FOR GENETIC TYPING OF ENTERITIS SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN WITH DIARRHEA.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Enteritis Salmonella spp, diarrhea, ERIC PCR and BOX PCR
Abstract
Background: Acute diarrheal diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity, with Salmonella being one of the leading causes of diarrhea. In this study, the objective was to determine the genetic distance between Salmonella spp. using ERIC PCR and BOX PCR.
Methods: The study involved collecting 250 samples from children suffering from diarrhea, and Salmonella strains were identified using the VITEK2 device. The genetic distance was measured using ERIC PCR and BOX PCR.
Results: Out of the 250 diarrhea samples, 9 strains of Salmonella bacteria were identified using the VITEK2 device. The results of the genetic tree analysis showed that the study samples were divided into two subgroups based on the ERIC PCR, with a complete match between isolates No. 1 and 6. On the other hand, the BOX PCR showed three sub-groups with a correspondence between isolates 3 and 4.
In conclusion, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of ERIC PCR and BOX PCR in determining the genetic relationship between Salmonella isolates.
References
1. Besser JM. Salmonella epidemiology: A whirlwind of change. Food Microbiol. 2018;71:55–9. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.018
2. Owusu DN, et al. Prevalence and determinants of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections among children under five in West Africa: Evidence from demographic and health surveys. Int Health.
3. Birhan NA, Workineh AY, Meraf Z, Abich E, Alemayehu GM, Alemu Y, et al. Prevalence of diarrhea and its associated factors among children under five in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24:701. doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05191-2
4. Liu J, Shi Y. Progress in the treatment of diarrhea in children. Front Med Sci Res. 2022;4(8):10. doi:10.25236/fmsr.2022.040809
5. Manetu WM, M’masi S, Recha CW. Diarrhea disease among children under 5 years: A global systematic review. Open J Epidemiol. 2021;11(3):301–18. doi:10.4236/OJEPI.2021.113018
6. Anyiam VI, Imarenezor EP, Kenneth P. Parasitic causes associated with diarrhea and dysentery in children in Wukari, North East, Nigeria. Deleted J. 2024;4(5):3181. doi:10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.5.3181
7. Genetic heterogeneity and antibiotic resistance profile of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes at farm level: A highlight of ERIC‐ and BOX‐PCR to reveal genetic diversity. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:3067494.
8. Lopes PD, Freitas Neto OC, Batista DFA, et al. Experimental infection of chickens by a flagellated motile strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum. Vet J. 2016;214:40–6.
9. Schofield FW. Salmonella infections of domestic animals: Their relationship to Salmonellosis (food infection in man). Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1945;9:62–8.
10. Ryan MP, O’Dwyer J, Adley CC. Evaluation of the complex nomenclature of the clinically and veterinary significant pathogen Salmonella. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3782182. doi:10.1155/2017/3782182
11. Gut AM, Vasiljevic T, Yeager T, Donkor ON. Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: A review. Microbiology. 2018;164:1327–44. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000709
12. Chattaway MA, Langridge GC, Wain J. Salmonella nomenclature in the genomic era: A time for change. Sci Rep. 2021;11:86243. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86243-w
13. World Health Organization. Salmonella (non-typhoidal). 2018. [Accessed 2020 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)
14. D’Aoust JY, Maurer J. Salmonella species. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. 3rd ed. ASM Press; 2007. p. 187–236. doi:10.1128/9781555815912.ch10
15. Ling ML, Goh KT, Wang GCY, Neo KS, Chua T. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104L linked to dried anchovy in Singapore. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;128(1):1–5.
16. Wilson LA, Sharp PM. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences in Escherichia coli: Evolution and implications for ERIC-PCR. Mol Biol Evol. 2006;23:1156–68.
17. Brusetti L, Malkhazova I, Gtari M, Tamagnini I, Borin S, Merabishvili M, et al. Fluorescent-BOX-PCR for resolving bacterial genetic diversity, endemism and biogeography. BMC Microbiol. 2008;8:220. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-220
18. Rademaker JL, Hoste B, Louws FJ, et al. Comparison of AFLP and rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting with DNA–DNA homology studies: Xanthomonas as a model system. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000;50(2):665–77.
19. Babicki S, Arndt D, Marcu A, Liang Y, Grant JR, Maciejewski A, et al. Heatmapper: Web-enabled heat mapping for all. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw419
20. Bilung LM, Radzi ES, Tahar AS, Zulkharnain A, Ngui R, Apun K. BOX-PCR and ERIC-PCR evaluation for genotyping Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in raw milk. Front Microbiol. 2024;14:1277019. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277019
21. LY TLK, Duong TTT, Nguyen TT, Tran TP, Tran TTD, Ha TT. Prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 from acute diarrheic children in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Jpn J Vet Epidemiol. 2010;14(1):55–61.
22. Hugho EA, Kumburu HH, Thomas K, Lukambagire AS, Wadugu B, Amani N, et al. High diversity of Salmonella spp. from children with diarrhea, food, and environmental sources in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: One health approach. Front Microbiol. 2024;14:1277019. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277019
23. Halimatussa’diah HD. Diarrhea in children caused by Salmonella sp. Star Shine Med J. 2021;1(1):37–43.
24. Tawfik RG, Gawish MF, Abotaleb MM, Nada HS, Morsy K, Abumandour MMA, et al. Genetic relationship between Salmonella isolates recovered from calves and broiler chickens in Kafr El-Sheikh City using ERIC PCR. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(23):3428.
25. Otokunefor K, Ogugbue CJ, Fajoyomi BU. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) as a tool for genetic characterisation of bacterial isolates in Nigeria. Niger J Biotechnol. 2020;37(1):122–8.
26. Lozano-Villegas K, Rodríguez-Hernández R, Rondón-Barragán I. Effectiveness of six molecular typing methods as epidemiological tools for the study of Salmonella isolates in two Colombian regions. Vet World. 2019;12(12):1998.
27. Shiroodi AA, Jamshidian M, Salehi TZ, Boroujeni GRN, Amini K. BOX-PCR fingerprinting for molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from humans, dairy cattle, and broiler chickens. Comp Clin Pathol. 2019;28:679–83.
2. Owusu DN, et al. Prevalence and determinants of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections among children under five in West Africa: Evidence from demographic and health surveys. Int Health.
3. Birhan NA, Workineh AY, Meraf Z, Abich E, Alemayehu GM, Alemu Y, et al. Prevalence of diarrhea and its associated factors among children under five in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24:701. doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05191-2
4. Liu J, Shi Y. Progress in the treatment of diarrhea in children. Front Med Sci Res. 2022;4(8):10. doi:10.25236/fmsr.2022.040809
5. Manetu WM, M’masi S, Recha CW. Diarrhea disease among children under 5 years: A global systematic review. Open J Epidemiol. 2021;11(3):301–18. doi:10.4236/OJEPI.2021.113018
6. Anyiam VI, Imarenezor EP, Kenneth P. Parasitic causes associated with diarrhea and dysentery in children in Wukari, North East, Nigeria. Deleted J. 2024;4(5):3181. doi:10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.5.3181
7. Genetic heterogeneity and antibiotic resistance profile of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes at farm level: A highlight of ERIC‐ and BOX‐PCR to reveal genetic diversity. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:3067494.
8. Lopes PD, Freitas Neto OC, Batista DFA, et al. Experimental infection of chickens by a flagellated motile strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum. Vet J. 2016;214:40–6.
9. Schofield FW. Salmonella infections of domestic animals: Their relationship to Salmonellosis (food infection in man). Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1945;9:62–8.
10. Ryan MP, O’Dwyer J, Adley CC. Evaluation of the complex nomenclature of the clinically and veterinary significant pathogen Salmonella. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3782182. doi:10.1155/2017/3782182
11. Gut AM, Vasiljevic T, Yeager T, Donkor ON. Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: A review. Microbiology. 2018;164:1327–44. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000709
12. Chattaway MA, Langridge GC, Wain J. Salmonella nomenclature in the genomic era: A time for change. Sci Rep. 2021;11:86243. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86243-w
13. World Health Organization. Salmonella (non-typhoidal). 2018. [Accessed 2020 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)
14. D’Aoust JY, Maurer J. Salmonella species. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. 3rd ed. ASM Press; 2007. p. 187–236. doi:10.1128/9781555815912.ch10
15. Ling ML, Goh KT, Wang GCY, Neo KS, Chua T. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104L linked to dried anchovy in Singapore. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;128(1):1–5.
16. Wilson LA, Sharp PM. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences in Escherichia coli: Evolution and implications for ERIC-PCR. Mol Biol Evol. 2006;23:1156–68.
17. Brusetti L, Malkhazova I, Gtari M, Tamagnini I, Borin S, Merabishvili M, et al. Fluorescent-BOX-PCR for resolving bacterial genetic diversity, endemism and biogeography. BMC Microbiol. 2008;8:220. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-220
18. Rademaker JL, Hoste B, Louws FJ, et al. Comparison of AFLP and rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting with DNA–DNA homology studies: Xanthomonas as a model system. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000;50(2):665–77.
19. Babicki S, Arndt D, Marcu A, Liang Y, Grant JR, Maciejewski A, et al. Heatmapper: Web-enabled heat mapping for all. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw419
20. Bilung LM, Radzi ES, Tahar AS, Zulkharnain A, Ngui R, Apun K. BOX-PCR and ERIC-PCR evaluation for genotyping Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in raw milk. Front Microbiol. 2024;14:1277019. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277019
21. LY TLK, Duong TTT, Nguyen TT, Tran TP, Tran TTD, Ha TT. Prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 from acute diarrheic children in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Jpn J Vet Epidemiol. 2010;14(1):55–61.
22. Hugho EA, Kumburu HH, Thomas K, Lukambagire AS, Wadugu B, Amani N, et al. High diversity of Salmonella spp. from children with diarrhea, food, and environmental sources in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: One health approach. Front Microbiol. 2024;14:1277019. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277019
23. Halimatussa’diah HD. Diarrhea in children caused by Salmonella sp. Star Shine Med J. 2021;1(1):37–43.
24. Tawfik RG, Gawish MF, Abotaleb MM, Nada HS, Morsy K, Abumandour MMA, et al. Genetic relationship between Salmonella isolates recovered from calves and broiler chickens in Kafr El-Sheikh City using ERIC PCR. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(23):3428.
25. Otokunefor K, Ogugbue CJ, Fajoyomi BU. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) as a tool for genetic characterisation of bacterial isolates in Nigeria. Niger J Biotechnol. 2020;37(1):122–8.
26. Lozano-Villegas K, Rodríguez-Hernández R, Rondón-Barragán I. Effectiveness of six molecular typing methods as epidemiological tools for the study of Salmonella isolates in two Colombian regions. Vet World. 2019;12(12):1998.
27. Shiroodi AA, Jamshidian M, Salehi TZ, Boroujeni GRN, Amini K. BOX-PCR fingerprinting for molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from humans, dairy cattle, and broiler chickens. Comp Clin Pathol. 2019;28:679–83.
Article Sidebar
Published
May 08, 2025
Article Details
How to Cite
Rabab Khudair Rehan, & Adwaa Fadil Saleh. (2025). ERIC PCR AND BOX PCR MARKERS FOR GENETIC TYPING OF ENTERITIS SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN WITH DIARRHEA. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(4), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.53555/6gmw4r08
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Rabab Khudair Rehan
Ministry of Health, Baghdad karkh Health Department, Baghdad, Iraq
Adwaa Fadil Saleh
Ministry of Health, Nineveh Health Department, Nineveh, Iraq
How to Cite
Rabab Khudair Rehan, & Adwaa Fadil Saleh. (2025). ERIC PCR AND BOX PCR MARKERS FOR GENETIC TYPING OF ENTERITIS SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN WITH DIARRHEA. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(4), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.53555/6gmw4r08