Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic Psychological behavior of Dental Assistants in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Survey Effect of COVID-19 on Dental Assistants Psychological behavior
Main Article Content
Keywords
Coronavirus Disease-2019, Dental professionals, Anxiety, Stress
Abstract
Background: As per the various guidelines, dentists and dental auxiliaries are considered at high risk for the spread of COVID-19 as they directly come in contact with the patient's oral cavity. So, during the pandemic, their stress level of getting contaminated with the virus was high. Hence, the present research aimed to estimate the psychological impact of COVID-19 on dental assistants in Saudi Arabia during this pandemic.
Methodology: This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out on the dental assistants during the Covid-19 pandemic through a pre-validated Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale with 21 Items (DASS-21) to assess the psychological impact on their mental health. The questionnaires were sent to the participants through the mail using Google Forms. One reminder e-mail was sent after a week to fill and submit the form. Data were entered into Microsoft excel and later analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: The response rate of the dental assistant was 75% (210 responded out of 280). Most of the dental assistants were 20-40 years old, and only ten were above 50. Most participants were females (180) and were of non-Saudi origin. In a comparison of DAS scores between males and females, the results were statistically significant (p value= 0.001); a higher mean total DAS score was noted in males (20.03) when compared to females (13.68).
Conclusion: HCWs in direct contact with patients like dental assistants have higher chances of getting the infection, which increases their psychological stress and anxiety.
References
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24. De Stefani A, Bruno G, Mutinelli S, Gracco A. COVID-19 Outbreak Perception in Italian Dentists. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3867. Published 2020 May 29. doi:10.3390/ijerph17113867
25. Thomas PA, Liu H, Umberson D. Family Relationships and Well-Being. Innov Aging. 2017;1(3):igx025. doi:10.1093/geroni/igx025
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28. Shaikh SA, Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Kumari VV, Thakare AA, Mustafa MZ. Stress perception among dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey. Signa Vitae. 2022. https://doi.org/10.22514/ sv.2022.042
29. Aldhuwayhi S, Shaikh SA, Mallineni SK, et al. Occupational Stress and Stress Busters Used Among Saudi Dental Practitioners During the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(5):1975-1981. doi:10.1017/dmp.2021.215
30. Ammar N, Aly NM, Folayan MO, et al. Behavior change due to COVID-19 among dental academics-The theory of planned behavior: Stresses, worries, training, and pandemic severity. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0239961. Published 2020 Sep 29. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239961
31. Golchha V,Sharma P,Gupta B D, Yadav N .Impact of Covid 19 Pandemic on Dentists: Psychological Evaluation using DASS 21.Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, April-June 2021,15 (2).
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33. Consolo U, Bellini P, Bencivenni D, Iani C, Checchi V. Epidemiological Aspects and Psychological Reactions to COVID-19 of Dental Practitioners in the Northern Italy Districts of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3459. Published 2020 May 15. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103459
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35. Shacham M, Hamama-Raz Y, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Mijiritsky E. COVID-19 Factors and Psychological Factors Associated with Elevated Psychological Distress among Dentists and Dental Hygienists in Israel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2900. Published 2020 Apr 22. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082900
36. Sanghera J, Pattani N, Hashmi Y, et al. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the mental health of healthcare workers in a hospital setting-A Systematic Review. J Occup Health. 2020;62(1):e12175. doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12175
37. Wang Y, Ma S, Yang C, et al. Acute psychological effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak among healthcare workers in China: a cross-sectional study. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):348. Published 2020 Oct 13. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01031-w
38. Lasalvia A, Bonetto C, Porru S, et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in a highly burdened area of north-east Italy. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;30:e1. Published 2020 Dec 17. doi:10.1017/S2045796020001158
39. Allan SM, Bealey R, Birch J, et al. The prevalence of common and stress-related mental health disorders in healthcare workers based in pandemic-affected hospitals: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1810903. Published 2020 Oct 16. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1810903
40. Xing J, Sun N, Xu J, Geng S, Li Y. Study of the mental health status of medical personnel dealing with new coronavirus pneumonia. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233145. Published 2020 May 19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233145
41. Chan AO, Huak CY. Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. Occup Med (Lond). 2004;54(3):190-196. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh027.
2. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
3. Mixon B, Nain J. Complying with Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations: a guide for compounding pharmacists. Int J Pharm Compd. 2013;17(3):182-190.
4. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):9. Published 2020 Mar 3. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9.
5. Ali S, Tauqir S, Farooqi FA, et al. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Students, Assistants, and Faculty of a Dental Institute of Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13366. Published 2021 Dec 19. doi:10.3390/ijerph182413366
6. Li JM, Wu R, Zhang T, et al. Psychological responses of medical staff during COVID-19 and the adjustment effect of brief mindfulness meditation. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2022;48:101600. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101600
7. Verma S, Mythily S, Chan YH, Deslypere JP, Teo EK, Chong SA. Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004;33(6):743-748.
8. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):e14. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X
9. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Ahmed N, et al. Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2821. Published 2020 Apr 19. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082821
10. Al-Rabiaah A, Temsah MH, Al-Eyadhy AA, et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) associated stress among medical students at a university teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(5):687-691. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.005
11. Khanagar SB, Alfadley A. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dental Interns in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020;13(5):508-512. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1773
12. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). 1995 Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia.
13. Olivieri JG, de España C, Encinas M, et al. General Anxiety in Dental Staff and Hemodynamic Changes over Endodontists' Workday during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. J Endod. 2021;47(2):196-203. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2020.10.023
14. Mallineni SK, Nuvvula S, Bhumireddy JC, Ismail AF, Verma P, Sajja R, Alassaf A, Almulhim B, Alghamdi S, Saha A, Goyal V, Namineni S. Knowledge and Perceptions Regarding Coronavirus (COVID-19) among Pediatric Dentists during Lockdown Period. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 25;19(1):209. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010209.
15. Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Balderson KE, et al. Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1924-1932. doi:10.3201/eid1212.060584
16. Schlenz MA, Schmidt A, Wöstmann B, et al. Perspectives from Dentists, Dental Assistants, Students, and Patients on Dental Care Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3940. Published 2021 Apr 9. doi:10.3390/ijerph18083940
17. Schlenz MA, Schmidt A, Wöstmann B, et al. Perspectives from Dentists, Dental Assistants, Students, and Patients on Dental Care Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3940. Published 2021 Apr 9. doi:10.3390/ijerph18083940
18. Wong PTP, Mayer CH, Arslan G. Editorial: COVID-19 and Existential Positive Psychology (PP2.0): The New Science of Self-Transcendence. Front Psychol. 2021;12:800308. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.800308
19. Thiyagarajan A, James TG, Marzo RR. Psychometric properties of the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) among Malaysians during COVID-19: a methodological study. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2022;9(1):220. doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01229-x
20. Ali S, Tauqir S, Farooqi FA, et al. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Students, Assistants, and Faculty of a Dental Institute of Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13366. Published 2021 Dec 19. doi:10.3390/ijerph182413366
21. Mekhemar M, Attia S, Dörfer C, Conrad J. Dental Nurses' Mental Health in Germany: A Nationwide Survey during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):8108. Published 2021 Jul 30. doi:10.3390/ijerph18158108
22. Conrad J, Retelsdorf J, Attia S, Dörfer C, Mekhemar M. German Dentists' Preferences for the Treatment of Apical Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):7447. Published 2020 Oct 13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17207447
23. Elbay RY, Kurtulmuş A, Arpacıoğlu S, Karadere E. Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113130. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130
24. De Stefani A, Bruno G, Mutinelli S, Gracco A. COVID-19 Outbreak Perception in Italian Dentists. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3867. Published 2020 May 29. doi:10.3390/ijerph17113867
25. Thomas PA, Liu H, Umberson D. Family Relationships and Well-Being. Innov Aging. 2017;1(3):igx025. doi:10.1093/geroni/igx025
26. Kowal M, Coll-Martín T, Ikizer G, et al. Who is the Most Stressed During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Data From 26 Countries and Areas. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2020;12(4):946-966. doi:10.1111/aphw.12234
27. Pieh C, O Rourke T, Budimir S, Probst T. Relationship quality and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown [published correction appears in PLoS One. 2021 Sep 1;16(9):e0257118]. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0238906. Published 2020 Sep 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238906
28. Shaikh SA, Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Kumari VV, Thakare AA, Mustafa MZ. Stress perception among dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey. Signa Vitae. 2022. https://doi.org/10.22514/ sv.2022.042
29. Aldhuwayhi S, Shaikh SA, Mallineni SK, et al. Occupational Stress and Stress Busters Used Among Saudi Dental Practitioners During the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(5):1975-1981. doi:10.1017/dmp.2021.215
30. Ammar N, Aly NM, Folayan MO, et al. Behavior change due to COVID-19 among dental academics-The theory of planned behavior: Stresses, worries, training, and pandemic severity. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0239961. Published 2020 Sep 29. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239961
31. Golchha V,Sharma P,Gupta B D, Yadav N .Impact of Covid 19 Pandemic on Dentists: Psychological Evaluation using DASS 21.Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, April-June 2021,15 (2).
32. Schlenz MA, Schmidt A, Wöstmann B, et al. Perspectives from Dentists, Dental Assistants, Students, and Patients on Dental Care Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3940. Published 2021 Apr 9. doi:10.3390/ijerph18083940
33. Consolo U, Bellini P, Bencivenni D, Iani C, Checchi V. Epidemiological Aspects and Psychological Reactions to COVID-19 of Dental Practitioners in the Northern Italy Districts of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3459. Published 2020 May 15. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103459
34. Shacham M, Hamama-Raz Y, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Mijiritsky E. COVID-19 Factors and Psychological Factors Associated with Elevated Psychological Distress among Dentists and Dental Hygienists in Israel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2900. Published 2020 Apr 22. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082900
35. Shacham M, Hamama-Raz Y, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Mijiritsky E. COVID-19 Factors and Psychological Factors Associated with Elevated Psychological Distress among Dentists and Dental Hygienists in Israel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2900. Published 2020 Apr 22. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082900
36. Sanghera J, Pattani N, Hashmi Y, et al. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the mental health of healthcare workers in a hospital setting-A Systematic Review. J Occup Health. 2020;62(1):e12175. doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12175
37. Wang Y, Ma S, Yang C, et al. Acute psychological effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak among healthcare workers in China: a cross-sectional study. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):348. Published 2020 Oct 13. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01031-w
38. Lasalvia A, Bonetto C, Porru S, et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in a highly burdened area of north-east Italy. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;30:e1. Published 2020 Dec 17. doi:10.1017/S2045796020001158
39. Allan SM, Bealey R, Birch J, et al. The prevalence of common and stress-related mental health disorders in healthcare workers based in pandemic-affected hospitals: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1810903. Published 2020 Oct 16. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1810903
40. Xing J, Sun N, Xu J, Geng S, Li Y. Study of the mental health status of medical personnel dealing with new coronavirus pneumonia. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233145. Published 2020 May 19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233145
41. Chan AO, Huak CY. Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. Occup Med (Lond). 2004;54(3):190-196. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh027.
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Feb 4, 2023
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Sunil Babu Kotha, Sara Khalid AlAwad, Raghd Abdullah Albarrak, Reema Abdullah Alzahrani, Alanoud Fahad Binmeqren, & Sree Lalita Kotha. (2023). Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic Psychological behavior of Dental Assistants in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Survey: Effect of COVID-19 on Dental Assistants Psychological behavior . Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.998
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Special Issue - The Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic
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