PREVALENCE OF COMORBIDITIES AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A HOSPITAL-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
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Keywords
COPD, comorbidity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, GERD, osteoporosis, hospitalization
Abstract
Background:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, gastrointestinal and psychological comorbidities. These conditions can increase symptom burden, treatment complexity and healthcare utilization.
Aim: To determine the prevalence and pattern of major comorbidities among patients with COPD and assess their relationship with COPD severity and hospitalization frequency.
Methods:A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was designed among 100 adults with spirometry-confirmed COPD. Demographic data, smoking exposure, body mass index, COPD duration and GOLD airflow limitation grade were recorded. Patients were evaluated for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, dyslipidemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea and anxiety/depression. Associations were assessed using chi-square/Fisher exact tests and independent-samples t-test.
Results: Mean age was 64.8 ± 9.1 years and 82% were male. At least one comorbidity was present in 76% and 42% had two or more. Hypertension was the commonest comorbidity (48%), followed by gastroesophageal reflux disease (31%), diabetes mellitus (28%), dyslipidemia (27%), ischemic heart disease (19%), osteoporosis (18%), anxiety/depression (16%), heart failure (11%), chronic kidney disease (9%) and obstructive sleep apnea (8%). Multiple comorbidities were more frequent in GOLD 3–4 COPD than GOLD 1–2 COPD (60.0% vs 24.0%, p<0.001). Patients with ≥2 comorbidities had more COPD-related hospitalizations than those with none or one comorbidity (1.62 ± 0.91 vs 0.71 ± 0.63 per year, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Comorbidities were highly prevalent among patients with COPD, particularly hypertension, metabolic disease, GERD and cardiovascular disease. Greater COPD severity was associated with a higher burden of multiple comorbidities and hospitalization. Routine comorbidity screening should form part of comprehensive COPD assessment.
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